(a) Interpretation: How the given synthesis can be carried out is to be suggested. Concept introduction: β -Keto esters can be synthesized in a reaction known as Claisen condensation. The α -hydrogen in an carbonyl compound is relatively acidic because of the presence of an adjacent electron withdrawing group. A strong bulky, non-nuclophilic base extracts this proton, resulting in the formation of a carbon nucleophile. The nucleophile attacks and adds to the electrophilic carbon of a carbonyl compound such as an ester to form a tetrahedral intermediate. The elimination of the original alkoxide (acyl) group from this intermediate followed by proton transfers completes the reaction, giving an α -keto ester.

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Answer 1

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Definition Definition Organic compounds that have a carbonyl group, C = O, as their functional group. The carbonyl group in ketones is placed somewhere in the middle of the molecular structure, which means, the C=O is attached to two alkyl groups or benzene rings. Just like all other homologous series, the naming of ketones is done using a common suffix “-one”. The general molecular formula is C n H 2n O. Functional group of a ketone

Chapter 21, Problem 21.89P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

How the given synthesis can be carried out is to be suggested.

Concept introduction:

β-Keto esters can be synthesized in a reaction known as Claisen condensation. The α-hydrogen in an carbonyl compound is relatively acidic because of the presence of an adjacent electron withdrawing group. A strong bulky, non-nuclophilic base extracts this proton, resulting in the formation of a carbon nucleophile. The nucleophile attacks and adds to the electrophilic carbon of a carbonyl compound such as an ester to form a tetrahedral intermediate. The elimination of the original alkoxide (acyl) group from this intermediate followed by proton transfers completes the reaction, giving an α-keto ester.

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

How the given synthesis can be carried out is to be suggested.

Concept introduction:

β-Keto esters can be synthesized in a reaction known as Claisen condensation. The α-hydrogen in an carbonyl compound is relatively acidic because of the presence of an adjacent electron withdrawing group. A strong bulky, non-nuclophilic base extracts this proton, resulting in the formation of a carbon nucleophile. The nucleophile attacks and adds to the electrophilic carbon of a carbonyl compound such as an ester to form a tetrahedral intermediate. The elimination of the original alkoxide (acyl) group from this intermediate followed by proton transfers completes the reaction, giving an α-keto ester.

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PLEASE READ!!! I DONT WANT EXAMPLES, I DONT WANT WORDS OR PARAGRAPHS FOR THE MECHANISM!!! THANKS First image: QUESTION 6. I have to show, with ARROWS and STRUCTURES, the mechanism of the reaction at the bottom. Also I have to show by mecanism why the reaction wouldn't work if the alcohol was primary. I also tried to draw the mechanism, tell me what to change. Please note that its an AMIDE thats formed not an AMINE the nitrogen has ONE hydrogen and one Phenyl-C-Phenyl. I already asked for this mechanism and got as a final product ...-NH2 not whats shown on the picture, thank you Ths second part. QUESTION 3. I just need a way to synthesize the lactone A, I already started please continue from where I left it Second image: I simply need the products, substrates or reagents, thank you

Indicate how to prepare a 10% sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution to a slightly alkaline pH.

Answer 2

Question

Definition Definition Organic compounds that have a carbonyl group, C = O, as their functional group. The carbonyl group in ketones is placed somewhere in the middle of the molecular structure, which means, the C=O is attached to two alkyl groups or benzene rings. Just like all other homologous series, the naming of ketones is done using a common suffix “-one”. The general molecular formula is C n H 2n O. Functional group of a ketone

Chapter 21, Problem 21.89P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

How the given synthesis can be carried out is to be suggested.

Concept introduction:

β-Keto esters can be synthesized in a reaction known as Claisen condensation. The α-hydrogen in an carbonyl compound is relatively acidic because of the presence of an adjacent electron withdrawing group. A strong bulky, non-nuclophilic base extracts this proton, resulting in the formation of a carbon nucleophile. The nucleophile attacks and adds to the electrophilic carbon of a carbonyl compound such as an ester to form a tetrahedral intermediate. The elimination of the original alkoxide (acyl) group from this intermediate followed by proton transfers completes the reaction, giving an α-keto ester.

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

How the given synthesis can be carried out is to be suggested.

Concept introduction:

β-Keto esters can be synthesized in a reaction known as Claisen condensation. The α-hydrogen in an carbonyl compound is relatively acidic because of the presence of an adjacent electron withdrawing group. A strong bulky, non-nuclophilic base extracts this proton, resulting in the formation of a carbon nucleophile. The nucleophile attacks and adds to the electrophilic carbon of a carbonyl compound such as an ester to form a tetrahedral intermediate. The elimination of the original alkoxide (acyl) group from this intermediate followed by proton transfers completes the reaction, giving an α-keto ester.

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Answer 3

Question

Definition Definition Organic compounds that have a carbonyl group, C = O, as their functional group. The carbonyl group in ketones is placed somewhere in the middle of the molecular structure, which means, the C=O is attached to two alkyl groups or benzene rings. Just like all other homologous series, the naming of ketones is done using a common suffix “-one”. The general molecular formula is C n H 2n O. Functional group of a ketone

Chapter 21, Problem 21.89P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

How the given synthesis can be carried out is to be suggested.

Concept introduction:

β-Keto esters can be synthesized in a reaction known as Claisen condensation. The α-hydrogen in an carbonyl compound is relatively acidic because of the presence of an adjacent electron withdrawing group. A strong bulky, non-nuclophilic base extracts this proton, resulting in the formation of a carbon nucleophile. The nucleophile attacks and adds to the electrophilic carbon of a carbonyl compound such as an ester to form a tetrahedral intermediate. The elimination of the original alkoxide (acyl) group from this intermediate followed by proton transfers completes the reaction, giving an α-keto ester.

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

How the given synthesis can be carried out is to be suggested.

Concept introduction:

β-Keto esters can be synthesized in a reaction known as Claisen condensation. The α-hydrogen in an carbonyl compound is relatively acidic because of the presence of an adjacent electron withdrawing group. A strong bulky, non-nuclophilic base extracts this proton, resulting in the formation of a carbon nucleophile. The nucleophile attacks and adds to the electrophilic carbon of a carbonyl compound such as an ester to form a tetrahedral intermediate. The elimination of the original alkoxide (acyl) group from this intermediate followed by proton transfers completes the reaction, giving an α-keto ester.

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Answer 4

Question

Definition Definition Organic compounds that have a carbonyl group, C = O, as their functional group. The carbonyl group in ketones is placed somewhere in the middle of the molecular structure, which means, the C=O is attached to two alkyl groups or benzene rings. Just like all other homologous series, the naming of ketones is done using a common suffix “-one”. The general molecular formula is C n H 2n O. Functional group of a ketone

Chapter 21, Problem 21.89P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

How the given synthesis can be carried out is to be suggested.

Concept introduction:

β-Keto esters can be synthesized in a reaction known as Claisen condensation. The α-hydrogen in an carbonyl compound is relatively acidic because of the presence of an adjacent electron withdrawing group. A strong bulky, non-nuclophilic base extracts this proton, resulting in the formation of a carbon nucleophile. The nucleophile attacks and adds to the electrophilic carbon of a carbonyl compound such as an ester to form a tetrahedral intermediate. The elimination of the original alkoxide (acyl) group from this intermediate followed by proton transfers completes the reaction, giving an α-keto ester.

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

How the given synthesis can be carried out is to be suggested.

Concept introduction:

β-Keto esters can be synthesized in a reaction known as Claisen condensation. The α-hydrogen in an carbonyl compound is relatively acidic because of the presence of an adjacent electron withdrawing group. A strong bulky, non-nuclophilic base extracts this proton, resulting in the formation of a carbon nucleophile. The nucleophile attacks and adds to the electrophilic carbon of a carbonyl compound such as an ester to form a tetrahedral intermediate. The elimination of the original alkoxide (acyl) group from this intermediate followed by proton transfers completes the reaction, giving an α-keto ester.

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Answer 5

Chapter 21, Problem 21.89P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

How the given synthesis can be carried out is to be suggested.

Concept introduction:

β-Keto esters can be synthesized in a reaction known as Claisen condensation. The α-hydrogen in an carbonyl compound is relatively acidic because of the presence of an adjacent electron withdrawing group. A strong bulky, non-nuclophilic base extracts this proton, resulting in the formation of a carbon nucleophile. The nucleophile attacks and adds to the electrophilic carbon of a carbonyl compound such as an ester to form a tetrahedral intermediate. The elimination of the original alkoxide (acyl) group from this intermediate followed by proton transfers completes the reaction, giving an α-keto ester.

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

How the given synthesis can be carried out is to be suggested.

Concept introduction:

β-Keto esters can be synthesized in a reaction known as Claisen condensation. The α-hydrogen in an carbonyl compound is relatively acidic because of the presence of an adjacent electron withdrawing group. A strong bulky, non-nuclophilic base extracts this proton, resulting in the formation of a carbon nucleophile. The nucleophile attacks and adds to the electrophilic carbon of a carbonyl compound such as an ester to form a tetrahedral intermediate. The elimination of the original alkoxide (acyl) group from this intermediate followed by proton transfers completes the reaction, giving an α-keto ester.

Answer 6

Chapter 21, Problem 21.89P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

How the given synthesis can be carried out is to be suggested.

Concept introduction:

β-Keto esters can be synthesized in a reaction known as Claisen condensation. The α-hydrogen in an carbonyl compound is relatively acidic because of the presence of an adjacent electron withdrawing group. A strong bulky, non-nuclophilic base extracts this proton, resulting in the formation of a carbon nucleophile. The nucleophile attacks and adds to the electrophilic carbon of a carbonyl compound such as an ester to form a tetrahedral intermediate. The elimination of the original alkoxide (acyl) group from this intermediate followed by proton transfers completes the reaction, giving an α-keto ester.

Answer 7

Chapter 21, Problem 21.89P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

How the given synthesis can be carried out is to be suggested.

Concept introduction:

β-Keto esters can be synthesized in a reaction known as Claisen condensation. The α-hydrogen in an carbonyl compound is relatively acidic because of the presence of an adjacent electron withdrawing group. A strong bulky, non-nuclophilic base extracts this proton, resulting in the formation of a carbon nucleophile. The nucleophile attacks and adds to the electrophilic carbon of a carbonyl compound such as an ester to form a tetrahedral intermediate. The elimination of the original alkoxide (acyl) group from this intermediate followed by proton transfers completes the reaction, giving an α-keto ester.

Answer 8

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

How the given synthesis can be carried out is to be suggested.

Concept introduction:

β-Keto esters can be synthesized in a reaction known as Claisen condensation. The α-hydrogen in an carbonyl compound is relatively acidic because of the presence of an adjacent electron withdrawing group. A strong bulky, non-nuclophilic base extracts this proton, resulting in the formation of a carbon nucleophile. The nucleophile attacks and adds to the electrophilic carbon of a carbonyl compound such as an ester to form a tetrahedral intermediate. The elimination of the original alkoxide (acyl) group from this intermediate followed by proton transfers completes the reaction, giving an α-keto ester.

Answer 9

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

How the given synthesis can be carried out is to be suggested.

Concept introduction:

β-Keto esters can be synthesized in a reaction known as Claisen condensation. The α-hydrogen in an carbonyl compound is relatively acidic because of the presence of an adjacent electron withdrawing group. A strong bulky, non-nuclophilic base extracts this proton, resulting in the formation of a carbon nucleophile. The nucleophile attacks and adds to the electrophilic carbon of a carbonyl compound such as an ester to form a tetrahedral intermediate. The elimination of the original alkoxide (acyl) group from this intermediate followed by proton transfers completes the reaction, giving an α-keto ester.

Answer 10

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Answer 13

Ch. 21 - Prob. 21.1P Ch. 21 - Prob. 21.2P Ch. 21 - Prob. 21.3P Ch. 21 - Prob. 21.4P Ch. 21 - Prob. 21.5P Ch. 21 - Prob. 21.6P Ch. 21 - Prob. 21.7P Ch. 21 - Prob. 21.8P Ch. 21 - Prob. 21.9P Ch. 21 - Prob. 21.10P

Solution Summary: The author explains how the -keto ester can be synthesized in a reaction known as Claisen condensation.

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