(a) Interpretation: Complete and detail mechanism for the given reaction ( 21-5 ) is to be determined. Concept introduction: Acid anhydrides can readily undergo alcoholysis, producing esters and carboxylic acids respectively. In nucleophilic addition reaction nucleophile is attack on most electrophilic carbon atom results in the formation of new bond between nucleophile and electrophilic carbon atom. In case of proton transfer reaction proton is abstracted by the electronegative atom like oxygen. In case of nucleophilic elimination reaction good leaving group (carboxylate anion) is expelled to reform the carbonyl bond.

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Answer 1

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Definition Definition Class of organic compounds that contain a carboxyl group ( - COOH ) and has a general formula R - COOH or R - CO 2 H , where R refers to the alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, or other groups. They can undergo different chemical reactions, such as acid-base reactions, esterification, and oxidation. These are essential components of living organisms, playing important roles in metabolic processes, signaling, and as pharmaceuticals.

Chapter 21, Problem 21.3P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

Complete and detail mechanism for the given reaction (21-5) is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Acid anhydrides can readily undergo alcoholysis, producing esters and carboxylic acids respectively.

In nucleophilic addition reaction nucleophile is attack on most electrophilic carbon atom results in the formation of new bond between nucleophile and electrophilic carbon atom.

In case of proton transfer reaction proton is abstracted by the electronegative atom like oxygen.

In case of nucleophilic elimination reaction good leaving group (carboxylate anion) is expelled to reform the carbonyl bond.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

Complete and detail mechanism for the given reaction (21-6) is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Phthalic anhydrides can readily undergo hydrolysis, producing carboxylic acids respectively.

In nucleophilic addition reaction nucleophile is attack on most electrophilic carbon atom results in the formation of new bond between nucleophile and electrophilic carbon atom.

In case of proton transfer reaction proton is abstracted by the electronegative atom like oxygen.

In case of nucleophilic elimination reaction good leaving group (carboxylate anion) is expelled to reform the carbonyl bond.

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(9 Pts) In one of the two Rare Earth element rows of the periodic table, identify an exception to the general ionization energy (IE) trend. For the two elements involved, answer the following questions. Be sure to cite sources for all physical data that you use. a. (2 pts) Identify the two elements and write their electronic configurations. b. (2 pts) Based on their configurations, propose a reason for the IE trend exception. c. (5 pts) Calculate effective nuclear charges for the last electron in each element and the Allred-Rochow electronegativity values for the two elements. Can any of these values explain the IE trend exception? Explain how (not) - include a description of how IE relates to electronegativity.

Please explain thoroughly and provide steps to draw.

As you can see in the picture, the instrument uses a Xe source. Given that the instrument is capable of measuring from 200-800nm, if Xe was not used, what other source(s) could be used? Refer to figure 7-3. How many monochrometers does this instrument have? Why? Trace the light as it goes from the Xenon lamp all the way to the circle just slightly to the right and a little bit down from S4. What do you think that circle is? In class we talked about many types of these, which kind do you think this one is for a fluorimeter? Why? Explain. What is/are some strategy(ies) that this instrument has for dealing with noise that you see present in the optics diagram? Why does a fluorescence cuvette have to be clear on four sides?

Answer 2

Question

Definition Definition Class of organic compounds that contain a carboxyl group ( - COOH ) and has a general formula R - COOH or R - CO 2 H , where R refers to the alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, or other groups. They can undergo different chemical reactions, such as acid-base reactions, esterification, and oxidation. These are essential components of living organisms, playing important roles in metabolic processes, signaling, and as pharmaceuticals.

Chapter 21, Problem 21.3P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

Complete and detail mechanism for the given reaction (21-5) is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Acid anhydrides can readily undergo alcoholysis, producing esters and carboxylic acids respectively.

In nucleophilic addition reaction nucleophile is attack on most electrophilic carbon atom results in the formation of new bond between nucleophile and electrophilic carbon atom.

In case of proton transfer reaction proton is abstracted by the electronegative atom like oxygen.

In case of nucleophilic elimination reaction good leaving group (carboxylate anion) is expelled to reform the carbonyl bond.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

Complete and detail mechanism for the given reaction (21-6) is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Phthalic anhydrides can readily undergo hydrolysis, producing carboxylic acids respectively.

In nucleophilic addition reaction nucleophile is attack on most electrophilic carbon atom results in the formation of new bond between nucleophile and electrophilic carbon atom.

In case of proton transfer reaction proton is abstracted by the electronegative atom like oxygen.

In case of nucleophilic elimination reaction good leaving group (carboxylate anion) is expelled to reform the carbonyl bond.

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Answer 3

Question

Definition Definition Class of organic compounds that contain a carboxyl group ( - COOH ) and has a general formula R - COOH or R - CO 2 H , where R refers to the alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, or other groups. They can undergo different chemical reactions, such as acid-base reactions, esterification, and oxidation. These are essential components of living organisms, playing important roles in metabolic processes, signaling, and as pharmaceuticals.

Chapter 21, Problem 21.3P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

Complete and detail mechanism for the given reaction (21-5) is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Acid anhydrides can readily undergo alcoholysis, producing esters and carboxylic acids respectively.

In nucleophilic addition reaction nucleophile is attack on most electrophilic carbon atom results in the formation of new bond between nucleophile and electrophilic carbon atom.

In case of proton transfer reaction proton is abstracted by the electronegative atom like oxygen.

In case of nucleophilic elimination reaction good leaving group (carboxylate anion) is expelled to reform the carbonyl bond.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

Complete and detail mechanism for the given reaction (21-6) is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Phthalic anhydrides can readily undergo hydrolysis, producing carboxylic acids respectively.

In nucleophilic addition reaction nucleophile is attack on most electrophilic carbon atom results in the formation of new bond between nucleophile and electrophilic carbon atom.

In case of proton transfer reaction proton is abstracted by the electronegative atom like oxygen.

In case of nucleophilic elimination reaction good leaving group (carboxylate anion) is expelled to reform the carbonyl bond.

Expert Solution & Answer

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Answer 4

Question

Definition Definition Class of organic compounds that contain a carboxyl group ( - COOH ) and has a general formula R - COOH or R - CO 2 H , where R refers to the alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, or other groups. They can undergo different chemical reactions, such as acid-base reactions, esterification, and oxidation. These are essential components of living organisms, playing important roles in metabolic processes, signaling, and as pharmaceuticals.

Chapter 21, Problem 21.3P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

Complete and detail mechanism for the given reaction (21-5) is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Acid anhydrides can readily undergo alcoholysis, producing esters and carboxylic acids respectively.

In nucleophilic addition reaction nucleophile is attack on most electrophilic carbon atom results in the formation of new bond between nucleophile and electrophilic carbon atom.

In case of proton transfer reaction proton is abstracted by the electronegative atom like oxygen.

In case of nucleophilic elimination reaction good leaving group (carboxylate anion) is expelled to reform the carbonyl bond.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

Complete and detail mechanism for the given reaction (21-6) is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Phthalic anhydrides can readily undergo hydrolysis, producing carboxylic acids respectively.

In nucleophilic addition reaction nucleophile is attack on most electrophilic carbon atom results in the formation of new bond between nucleophile and electrophilic carbon atom.

In case of proton transfer reaction proton is abstracted by the electronegative atom like oxygen.

In case of nucleophilic elimination reaction good leaving group (carboxylate anion) is expelled to reform the carbonyl bond.

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Answer 5

Chapter 21, Problem 21.3P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

Complete and detail mechanism for the given reaction (21-5) is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Acid anhydrides can readily undergo alcoholysis, producing esters and carboxylic acids respectively.

In nucleophilic addition reaction nucleophile is attack on most electrophilic carbon atom results in the formation of new bond between nucleophile and electrophilic carbon atom.

In case of proton transfer reaction proton is abstracted by the electronegative atom like oxygen.

In case of nucleophilic elimination reaction good leaving group (carboxylate anion) is expelled to reform the carbonyl bond.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

Complete and detail mechanism for the given reaction (21-6) is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Phthalic anhydrides can readily undergo hydrolysis, producing carboxylic acids respectively.

In nucleophilic addition reaction nucleophile is attack on most electrophilic carbon atom results in the formation of new bond between nucleophile and electrophilic carbon atom.

In case of proton transfer reaction proton is abstracted by the electronegative atom like oxygen.

In case of nucleophilic elimination reaction good leaving group (carboxylate anion) is expelled to reform the carbonyl bond.

Answer 6

Chapter 21, Problem 21.3P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

Complete and detail mechanism for the given reaction (21-5) is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Acid anhydrides can readily undergo alcoholysis, producing esters and carboxylic acids respectively.

In nucleophilic addition reaction nucleophile is attack on most electrophilic carbon atom results in the formation of new bond between nucleophile and electrophilic carbon atom.

In case of proton transfer reaction proton is abstracted by the electronegative atom like oxygen.

In case of nucleophilic elimination reaction good leaving group (carboxylate anion) is expelled to reform the carbonyl bond.

Answer 7

Chapter 21, Problem 21.3P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

Complete and detail mechanism for the given reaction (21-5) is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Acid anhydrides can readily undergo alcoholysis, producing esters and carboxylic acids respectively.

In nucleophilic addition reaction nucleophile is attack on most electrophilic carbon atom results in the formation of new bond between nucleophile and electrophilic carbon atom.

In case of proton transfer reaction proton is abstracted by the electronegative atom like oxygen.

In case of nucleophilic elimination reaction good leaving group (carboxylate anion) is expelled to reform the carbonyl bond.

Answer 8

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

Complete and detail mechanism for the given reaction (21-6) is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Phthalic anhydrides can readily undergo hydrolysis, producing carboxylic acids respectively.

In nucleophilic addition reaction nucleophile is attack on most electrophilic carbon atom results in the formation of new bond between nucleophile and electrophilic carbon atom.

In case of proton transfer reaction proton is abstracted by the electronegative atom like oxygen.

In case of nucleophilic elimination reaction good leaving group (carboxylate anion) is expelled to reform the carbonyl bond.

Answer 9

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

Complete and detail mechanism for the given reaction (21-6) is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Phthalic anhydrides can readily undergo hydrolysis, producing carboxylic acids respectively.

In nucleophilic addition reaction nucleophile is attack on most electrophilic carbon atom results in the formation of new bond between nucleophile and electrophilic carbon atom.

In case of proton transfer reaction proton is abstracted by the electronegative atom like oxygen.

In case of nucleophilic elimination reaction good leaving group (carboxylate anion) is expelled to reform the carbonyl bond.

Answer 10

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Answer 11

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Answer 12

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Answer 13

Ch. 21 - Prob. 21.1P Ch. 21 - Prob. 21.2P Ch. 21 - Prob. 21.3P Ch. 21 - Prob. 21.4P Ch. 21 - Prob. 21.5P Ch. 21 - Prob. 21.6P Ch. 21 - Prob. 21.7P Ch. 21 - Prob. 21.8P Ch. 21 - Prob. 21.9P Ch. 21 - Prob. 21.10P

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Chapter 21 Solutions