Chapter 21, Problem 21.61P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The reagent is to be shown for the given reaction.

Concept introduction:

Williamson Ether Synthesis: Alcohols reacts with alkyl halide forms ether is called Williamson ether synthesis.

Nitration: The formation of nitro group in a chemical reaction and it undergoes substitution reaction in organic synthesis. Nitronium ion $\left({\text{NO}}_{\text{2}}{}^{\text{+}}\right)$ is forming by the reaction of mixture of nitric acid and sulphuric acid, Nitronium ion $\left({\text{NO}}_{\text{2}}{}^{\text{+}}\right)$ is also called as nitryl cation, which is stronger electrophile.

Hydrogenolysis: Amine or alcohol reaction with H₂ in the presence of a transition

Metal catalyst gives the corresponding amine or alcohol.

Reduction: Aldehydes or ketones undergoing reduction by using reducing agent like LAH or NaBH₄ which provides alcohol.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The chemical logic has to be described for the protecting of phenol using benzyl group.

Concept introduction:

Williamson Ether Synthesis: Alcohols reacts with alkyl halide forms ether is called Williamson ether synthesis.

(C)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The structural relationship between Carbuterol and ephedrine has to be proposed.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The possible stereoisomer’s has to be shown if the product is chiral.

Concept introduction:

Chiral:

A molecule is non superimposable on its mirror image is called chiral molecule.  Four different atoms attached to a carbon atom is called chiral molecule.

Isomer: A molecule having the same molecular formula but with different chemical structure is called isomer.

Stereoisomers: Stereoisomers are molecules that have the same molecular formula and they differ only in arrangement of atom in three-dimensional space.

Enantiomers: A compound which is non-superimposable mirror image is called enantiomers.

Diastereomers: A compound which is non-superimposable and non-mirror image is called diastereomers.

Racemic mixture: A racemic mixture is simply a mixture containing an equal amount of each enantiomer.