With an assumption that initiation is by an unspecified radical, R a reaction radical chain mechanism has to be proposed. Concept Introduction: Halogenation of alkanes : The replacement of one or more hydrogen atoms by halogen. When alkanes is heated or irradiated with the light of specific wavelength, the alkyl halide are formed by radical chain reaction. Radical chain reaction: Initiation reaction: Chain propagation: Chain termination: Bond dissociation energy is a measure of bond strength in a chemical bond . It is a change in enthalpy of a hemolysis reaction at absolute zero where a molecule is broken down into two free radicals.

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Answer 1

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Formula Formula Bond dissociation energy (BDE) is the energy required to break a bond, making it an endothermic process. BDE is calculated for a particular bond and therefore consists of fragments such as radicals since it undergoes homolytic bond cleavage. For the homolysis of a X-Y molecule, the energy of bond dissociation is calculated as the difference in the total enthalpy of formation for the reactants and products. X-Y → X + Y BDE = Δ H f X + Δ H f Y – Δ H f X-Y where, ΔHf is the heat of formation.

Chapter 21, Problem 21.45P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

With an assumption that initiation is by an unspecified radical, R a reaction radical chain mechanism has to be proposed.

Concept Introduction:

Halogenation of alkanes: The replacement of one or more hydrogen atoms by halogen. When alkanes is heated or irradiated with the light of specific wavelength, the alkyl halide are formed by radical chain reaction.

Radical chain reaction:

Initiation reaction:

Chain propagation:

Chain termination:

Bond dissociation energy is a measure of bond strength in a chemical bond.

It is a change in enthalpy of a hemolysis reaction at absolute zero where a molecule is broken down into two free radicals.

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A small artisanal cheesemaker is testing the acidity of their milk before it coagulates. During fermentation, bacteria produce lactic acid (K₁ = 1.4 x 104), a weak acid that helps to curdle the milk and develop flavor. The cheesemaker has measured that the developing mixture contains lactic acid at an initial concentration of 0.025 M. Your task is to calculate the pH of this mixture and determine whether it meets the required acidity for proper cheese development. To achieve the best flavor, texture and reduce/control microbial growth, the pH range needs to be between pH 4.6 and 5.0. Assumptions: Lactic acid is a monoprotic acid H H :0:0: H-C-C H :0: O-H Figure 1: Lewis Structure for Lactic Acid For simplicity, you can use the generic formula HA to represent the acid You can assume lactic acid dissociation is in water as milk is mostly water. Temperature is 25°C 1. Write the K, expression for the dissociation of lactic acid in the space provided. Do not forget to include state symbols.…

Answer 2

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Formula Formula Bond dissociation energy (BDE) is the energy required to break a bond, making it an endothermic process. BDE is calculated for a particular bond and therefore consists of fragments such as radicals since it undergoes homolytic bond cleavage. For the homolysis of a X-Y molecule, the energy of bond dissociation is calculated as the difference in the total enthalpy of formation for the reactants and products. X-Y → X + Y BDE = Δ H f X + Δ H f Y – Δ H f X-Y where, ΔHf is the heat of formation.

Chapter 21, Problem 21.45P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

With an assumption that initiation is by an unspecified radical, R a reaction radical chain mechanism has to be proposed.

Concept Introduction:

Halogenation of alkanes: The replacement of one or more hydrogen atoms by halogen. When alkanes is heated or irradiated with the light of specific wavelength, the alkyl halide are formed by radical chain reaction.

Radical chain reaction:

Initiation reaction:

Chain propagation:

Chain termination:

Bond dissociation energy is a measure of bond strength in a chemical bond.

It is a change in enthalpy of a hemolysis reaction at absolute zero where a molecule is broken down into two free radicals.

Expert Solution & Answer

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Check out a sample textbook solution

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Answer 3

Question

Formula Formula Bond dissociation energy (BDE) is the energy required to break a bond, making it an endothermic process. BDE is calculated for a particular bond and therefore consists of fragments such as radicals since it undergoes homolytic bond cleavage. For the homolysis of a X-Y molecule, the energy of bond dissociation is calculated as the difference in the total enthalpy of formation for the reactants and products. X-Y → X + Y BDE = Δ H f X + Δ H f Y – Δ H f X-Y where, ΔHf is the heat of formation.

Chapter 21, Problem 21.45P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

With an assumption that initiation is by an unspecified radical, R a reaction radical chain mechanism has to be proposed.

Concept Introduction:

Halogenation of alkanes: The replacement of one or more hydrogen atoms by halogen. When alkanes is heated or irradiated with the light of specific wavelength, the alkyl halide are formed by radical chain reaction.

Radical chain reaction:

Initiation reaction:

Chain propagation:

Chain termination:

Bond dissociation energy is a measure of bond strength in a chemical bond.

It is a change in enthalpy of a hemolysis reaction at absolute zero where a molecule is broken down into two free radicals.

Expert Solution & Answer

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Check out a sample textbook solution

See solution

Answer 4

Question

Formula Formula Bond dissociation energy (BDE) is the energy required to break a bond, making it an endothermic process. BDE is calculated for a particular bond and therefore consists of fragments such as radicals since it undergoes homolytic bond cleavage. For the homolysis of a X-Y molecule, the energy of bond dissociation is calculated as the difference in the total enthalpy of formation for the reactants and products. X-Y → X + Y BDE = Δ H f X + Δ H f Y – Δ H f X-Y where, ΔHf is the heat of formation.

Chapter 21, Problem 21.45P

Interpretation Introduction