Chapter 2, Problem 2F.2E

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Hybridization of central atom in tetrahedral geometry has to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

The phenomenon of combination of atomic orbital of same atom to form hybrid orbitals of equivalent energies, shape or geometry is called hybridization.

Hybrid orbitals are formed by the mixture of atomic orbitals overlapped on each other of different proportions.

The table that relates hybridization with geometry and bond angles is as follows:

$\begin{array}{cccc}\text{Type of hybridization}& \text{Number of lone pairs}& \text{Molecular geometry}& \text{Bond angles}\\ \text{sp}& 0& \text{Linear}& 180°\\ {\text{sp}}^2& \begin{array}{c}0\\ 1\end{array}& \begin{array}{c}\text{Trigonal planar}\\ \text{Bent}\end{array}& 120°\\ {\text{sp}}^3& \begin{array}{c}0\\ 1\\ 2\end{array}& \begin{array}{c}\text{Tetrahedral}\\ \text{Trigonal pyramidal}\\ \text{Bent}\end{array}& 109.5°\\ {\text{sp}}^3\text{d}& \begin{array}{c}0\\ 1\\ 2\\ 3\end{array}& \begin{array}{c}\text{Trigonal Bi-pyramidal}\\ \text{See-Saw}\\ \text{T-shaped}\\ \text{Linear}\end{array}& 90°\text{,120 }°,180°\\ {\text{sp}}^{\text{3}}{\text{d}}^{\text{2}}& \begin{array}{c}0\\ 1\\ 2\end{array}& \begin{array}{c}\text{Octahedral}\\ \text{Square pyramidal}\\ \text{Square planar}\end{array}& 90°\text{,}180°\end{array}$

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Hybridization of central atom in trigonal bipyramidal geometry has to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a).

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Hybridization of central atom in octahedral geometry has to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a).

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Hybridization of central atom in linear geometry has to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a).