Concept explainers
Interpretation:
Out of cation
Concept Introduction:
Three-dimensional array of ions constitute the ionic compound lattice. They are stabilized because of attractive forces between oppositely charged ions that lower the potential energy.
Stability of ionic compound depends upon two factors and that is size and charge. Higher the charge and less will be the stability of ionic compound and vice-versa. Smaller the size of anion more will be the stability
Lower is the potential energy of interaction and more stable is the ionic solid. Hence the compounds that have high charge density on small space are most stable ionic solids. For example, calcium phosphate is made up of
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Chemical Principles: The Quest for Insight
- (a) Why do stable xenon fluorides have an even number of F atoms? (b) Why do the ionic species XeF₃⁺ and XeF₇⁻ have odd numbers of F atoms? (c) Predict the shape of XeF₃⁺ .arrow_forward19. :O: || :0-N- O: Which of the following statements, if true, would support the claim that the NO3 ion, represented above, has three resonance structures? (A) The NO3 ion is not a polar species. (B) The oxygen-to-nitrogen-to-oxygen bond angles are 90°. (C) One of the bonds in NO3 is longer than the other two. (D) One of the bonds in NO3¯ is shorter than the other two.arrow_forwardCompounds such as NaBH4, Al(BH4)3, and LiAlH4 are complexhydrides used as reducing agents in many syntheses.(a) Give the oxidation state of each element in these compounds.(b) Write a Lewis structure for the polyatomic anion in NaBH4, and predict its shape.arrow_forward
- The first four ionization energies of an element X are 578, 1817, 2745, and 11,577 kJ·mol–1. What is the most likely formula for the most stable ion of Xarrow_forwardUse principles of atomic structure to answer each of the following: (1] (a) The radius of the Ca atom is 197 pm; the radius of the Ca2* ion is 99 pm. Account for the difference. (b) The lattice energy of CaO(s) is –3460 kJ/mol; the lattice energy of K20 is –2240 kJ/mol. Account for the difference. (c) Given these ionization values, explain the difference between Ca and K with regard to their first and second ionization energies. Element First lonization Energy (kJ/mol) Second lonization Energy (kJ/mol) K 419 3050 Ca 590 1140 (d) The first ionization energy of Mg is 738 kJ/mol and that of Al is 578 kJ/mol. Account for this difference.arrow_forwardWhich of these statements about resonance is true?(a) When you draw resonance structures, it is permissibleto alter the way atoms are connected.(b) The nitrate ion has one long N¬O bond and two shortN¬O bonds.(c) “Resonance” refers to the idea that molecules areresonating rapidly between different bonding patterns.(d) The cyanide ion has only one dominant resonancestructure.(e) All of the above are true.arrow_forward
- 5. Use Periodic table to answer the following: (a) Which has higher ionization potential Cs or Li? Why? (b) Arrange the following elements in increasing order of valence electrons, Ca, Rb, Br and Xe.arrow_forwardEach of the chemically active Period 2 elements forms stable compounds in which it has bonds to fluorine. (a) What are the names and formulas of these compounds? (b) Does ∆EN increase or decrease left to right across the period? (c) Does percent ionic character increase or decrease left to right? (d) Draw Lewis structures for these compoundsarrow_forwardArrange the following in the order of the property indicated for each set–(a) F2, Cl2, Br2, I2(Increasing bond dissociation energy).(b) HF, HCl, HBr, HI (decreasing acid strength).(c) NH3, PH3, ASH3, SbH3, BiH3(decreasing base strength).arrow_forward
- Three main group elements, X, Y and Z, from three different groups inthe Periodic Table, each form a neutral trifluoride, i.e. XF3, YF3 andZF3. (a) To which three groups of the Periodic Table could the elementsX, Y and Z belong? Are any of these atoms X, Y or Zhypervalent in the trifluorides formed? (b) Use VSEPR theory to deduce the shapes of the molecules XF3,YF3 and ZF3, showing full working, and sketch these shapes (c) Only two of the three trifluorides have a non-zero dipole moment.For these molecules to which groups of the Periodic Table do thecentral atoms belong?arrow_forwardAn important starting material for the manufacture ofpolyphosphazenes is the cyclic molecule (NPCl₂)₃. The mol-ecule has a symmetrical six-membered ring of alternating N and P atoms, with the Cl atoms bonded to the P atoms. The nitrogen-phosphorus bond length is significantly less than that expectedfor an N−P single bond.(a) Draw a likely Lewis structure for the molecule.(b) How many lone pairs of electrons do the ring atoms have?(c) What is the order of the nitrogen-phosphorus bond?arrow_forwardAn ionic compound of formula XY2 (X = cation with two positive charges, Y = anion with one negative charge) has the following mass composition: Mg 10.9%, Cl 31.8%, O57.3%. (a) What is the chemical formula and name of the compound? (b) Give the most probable Lewis structure for the ions contained in the compound.arrow_forward
- Chemistry: The Molecular ScienceChemistryISBN:9781285199047Author:John W. Moore, Conrad L. StanitskiPublisher:Cengage Learning