The electronic arrangement of BrF 4 − has to be determined. Concept Introduction: Hybridization is the hypothetical concept of mixing of atomic orbital into hybrid orbitals that are of dissimilar shapes, energies and are appropriate for combination of electrons to form bonds in valence bond theory . Hybridization is calculated by the hybrid orbitals and to calculate hybrid orbitals we need to know the steric number that is given by, Steric number = [ ( number of atoms bonded to the central atom ) + ( number of lone pairs on the central atom ) ] (1) The relation of steric number with geometry or shape is depicted in the table below as, Steric Number Number of lone pairs Molecular Geometry Shape 2 0 linear linear 3 0 1 trigonal planar trigonal planar trigonal planar bent 4 0 1 2 tetrahedral tetrahedral tetrahedral tetrahedral trigonal pyramidal bent 5 0 1 2 3 trigonal bipyramidal trigonal bipyramidal trigonal bipyramidal trigonal bipyramidal trigonal bipyramidal see-saw T-shaped linear 6 0 1 2 octahedral octahedral octahedral octahedral square pyramidal square planar

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Answer 1

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Definition Definition Theory that explains how individual atomic orbitals with an unpaired electron each, come close to each other and overlap to form a molecular orbital giving a covalent bond. VBT gives a quantum mechanical approach to the formation of covalent bonds with the help of wave functions using attractive and repulsive energies when two atoms are brought from infinity to their internuclear distance.

Chapter 2, Problem 2F.3BST

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The electronic arrangement of BrF4− has to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Hybridization is the hypothetical concept of mixing of atomic orbital into hybrid orbitals that are of dissimilar shapes, energies and are appropriate for combination of electrons to form bonds in valence bond theory.

Hybridization is calculated by the hybrid orbitals and to calculate hybrid orbitals we need to know the steric number that is given by,

Steric number=[(number of atoms bonded to the central atom)+(number of lone pairs on the central atom)] (1)

The relation of steric number with geometry or shape is depicted in the table below as,

Steric NumberNumber of lone pairsMolecular GeometryShape20linearlinear301trigonal planartrigonal planartrigonal planarbent4012tetrahedraltetrahedraltetrahedraltetrahedraltrigonal pyramidalbent50123trigonal bipyramidaltrigonal bipyramidaltrigonal bipyramidaltrigonal bipyramidaltrigonal bipyramidalsee-sawT-shapedlinear6012octahedraloctahedraloctahedraloctahedralsquare pyramidalsquare planar

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Molecular shape of BrF4− has to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a).

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Hybridization of Br in BrF4− has to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a).

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The sulfate ion can be represented with four S-O bonds or with two S-O and two So=O bonds.(a) Which representation is better from the standpoint of formal charges?(b) What is the shape of the sulfate ion, and what hybrid orbitals of S are postulated for the σ bonding?(c) In view of the answer to part (b), what orbitals of S must be used for the π bonds? What orbitals of O?(d) Draw a diagram to show how one atomic orbital from S and one from O overlap to form a π bond.

Answer 2

Question

Definition Definition Theory that explains how individual atomic orbitals with an unpaired electron each, come close to each other and overlap to form a molecular orbital giving a covalent bond. VBT gives a quantum mechanical approach to the formation of covalent bonds with the help of wave functions using attractive and repulsive energies when two atoms are brought from infinity to their internuclear distance.

Chapter 2, Problem 2F.3BST

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The electronic arrangement of BrF4− has to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Hybridization is the hypothetical concept of mixing of atomic orbital into hybrid orbitals that are of dissimilar shapes, energies and are appropriate for combination of electrons to form bonds in valence bond theory.

Hybridization is calculated by the hybrid orbitals and to calculate hybrid orbitals we need to know the steric number that is given by,

Steric number=[(number of atoms bonded to the central atom)+(number of lone pairs on the central atom)] (1)

The relation of steric number with geometry or shape is depicted in the table below as,

Steric NumberNumber of lone pairsMolecular GeometryShape20linearlinear301trigonal planartrigonal planartrigonal planarbent4012tetrahedraltetrahedraltetrahedraltetrahedraltrigonal pyramidalbent50123trigonal bipyramidaltrigonal bipyramidaltrigonal bipyramidaltrigonal bipyramidaltrigonal bipyramidalsee-sawT-shapedlinear6012octahedraloctahedraloctahedraloctahedralsquare pyramidalsquare planar

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Molecular shape of BrF4− has to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a).

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Hybridization of Br in BrF4− has to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a).

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Answer 3

Question

Definition Definition Theory that explains how individual atomic orbitals with an unpaired electron each, come close to each other and overlap to form a molecular orbital giving a covalent bond. VBT gives a quantum mechanical approach to the formation of covalent bonds with the help of wave functions using attractive and repulsive energies when two atoms are brought from infinity to their internuclear distance.

Chapter 2, Problem 2F.3BST

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The electronic arrangement of BrF4− has to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Hybridization is the hypothetical concept of mixing of atomic orbital into hybrid orbitals that are of dissimilar shapes, energies and are appropriate for combination of electrons to form bonds in valence bond theory.

Hybridization is calculated by the hybrid orbitals and to calculate hybrid orbitals we need to know the steric number that is given by,

Steric number=[(number of atoms bonded to the central atom)+(number of lone pairs on the central atom)] (1)

The relation of steric number with geometry or shape is depicted in the table below as,

Steric NumberNumber of lone pairsMolecular GeometryShape20linearlinear301trigonal planartrigonal planartrigonal planarbent4012tetrahedraltetrahedraltetrahedraltetrahedraltrigonal pyramidalbent50123trigonal bipyramidaltrigonal bipyramidaltrigonal bipyramidaltrigonal bipyramidaltrigonal bipyramidalsee-sawT-shapedlinear6012octahedraloctahedraloctahedraloctahedralsquare pyramidalsquare planar

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Molecular shape of BrF4− has to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a).

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Hybridization of Br in BrF4− has to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a).

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Answer 4

Question

Definition Definition Theory that explains how individual atomic orbitals with an unpaired electron each, come close to each other and overlap to form a molecular orbital giving a covalent bond. VBT gives a quantum mechanical approach to the formation of covalent bonds with the help of wave functions using attractive and repulsive energies when two atoms are brought from infinity to their internuclear distance.

Chapter 2, Problem 2F.3BST

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The electronic arrangement of BrF4− has to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Hybridization is the hypothetical concept of mixing of atomic orbital into hybrid orbitals that are of dissimilar shapes, energies and are appropriate for combination of electrons to form bonds in valence bond theory.

Hybridization is calculated by the hybrid orbitals and to calculate hybrid orbitals we need to know the steric number that is given by,

Steric number=[(number of atoms bonded to the central atom)+(number of lone pairs on the central atom)] (1)

The relation of steric number with geometry or shape is depicted in the table below as,

Steric NumberNumber of lone pairsMolecular GeometryShape20linearlinear301trigonal planartrigonal planartrigonal planarbent4012tetrahedraltetrahedraltetrahedraltetrahedraltrigonal pyramidalbent50123trigonal bipyramidaltrigonal bipyramidaltrigonal bipyramidaltrigonal bipyramidaltrigonal bipyramidalsee-sawT-shapedlinear6012octahedraloctahedraloctahedraloctahedralsquare pyramidalsquare planar

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Molecular shape of BrF4− has to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a).

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Hybridization of Br in BrF4− has to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a).

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Answer 5

Chapter 2, Problem 2F.3BST

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The electronic arrangement of BrF4− has to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Hybridization is the hypothetical concept of mixing of atomic orbital into hybrid orbitals that are of dissimilar shapes, energies and are appropriate for combination of electrons to form bonds in valence bond theory.

Hybridization is calculated by the hybrid orbitals and to calculate hybrid orbitals we need to know the steric number that is given by,

Steric number=[(number of atoms bonded to the central atom)+(number of lone pairs on the central atom)] (1)

The relation of steric number with geometry or shape is depicted in the table below as,

Steric NumberNumber of lone pairsMolecular GeometryShape20linearlinear301trigonal planartrigonal planartrigonal planarbent4012tetrahedraltetrahedraltetrahedraltetrahedraltrigonal pyramidalbent50123trigonal bipyramidaltrigonal bipyramidaltrigonal bipyramidaltrigonal bipyramidaltrigonal bipyramidalsee-sawT-shapedlinear6012octahedraloctahedraloctahedraloctahedralsquare pyramidalsquare planar

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Molecular shape of BrF4− has to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a).

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Hybridization of Br in BrF4− has to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a).

Answer 6

Chapter 2, Problem 2F.3BST

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The electronic arrangement of BrF4− has to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Hybridization is the hypothetical concept of mixing of atomic orbital into hybrid orbitals that are of dissimilar shapes, energies and are appropriate for combination of electrons to form bonds in valence bond theory.

Hybridization is calculated by the hybrid orbitals and to calculate hybrid orbitals we need to know the steric number that is given by,

Steric number=[(number of atoms bonded to the central atom)+(number of lone pairs on the central atom)] (1)

The relation of steric number with geometry or shape is depicted in the table below as,

Steric NumberNumber of lone pairsMolecular GeometryShape20linearlinear301trigonal planartrigonal planartrigonal planarbent4012tetrahedraltetrahedraltetrahedraltetrahedraltrigonal pyramidalbent50123trigonal bipyramidaltrigonal bipyramidaltrigonal bipyramidaltrigonal bipyramidaltrigonal bipyramidalsee-sawT-shapedlinear6012octahedraloctahedraloctahedraloctahedralsquare pyramidalsquare planar

Answer 7

Chapter 2, Problem 2F.3BST

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The electronic arrangement of BrF4− has to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Hybridization is the hypothetical concept of mixing of atomic orbital into hybrid orbitals that are of dissimilar shapes, energies and are appropriate for combination of electrons to form bonds in valence bond theory.

Hybridization is calculated by the hybrid orbitals and to calculate hybrid orbitals we need to know the steric number that is given by,

Steric number=[(number of atoms bonded to the central atom)+(number of lone pairs on the central atom)] (1)

The relation of steric number with geometry or shape is depicted in the table below as,

Steric NumberNumber of lone pairsMolecular GeometryShape20linearlinear301trigonal planartrigonal planartrigonal planarbent4012tetrahedraltetrahedraltetrahedraltetrahedraltrigonal pyramidalbent50123trigonal bipyramidaltrigonal bipyramidaltrigonal bipyramidaltrigonal bipyramidaltrigonal bipyramidalsee-sawT-shapedlinear6012octahedraloctahedraloctahedraloctahedralsquare pyramidalsquare planar

Answer 8

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Molecular shape of BrF4− has to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a).

Answer 9

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Molecular shape of BrF4− has to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a).

Answer 10

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Hybridization of Br in BrF4− has to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a).

Answer 11

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Hybridization of Br in BrF4− has to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a).

Answer 12

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Answer 13

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Answer 14

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Answer 15

Ch. 2 - Prob. 2A.1AST Ch. 2 - Prob. 2A.1BST Ch. 2 - Prob. 2A.2AST Ch. 2 - Prob. 2A.2BST Ch. 2 - Prob. 2A.3AST Ch. 2 - Prob. 2A.3BST Ch. 2 - Prob. 2A.4AST Ch. 2 - Prob. 2A.4BST Ch. 2 - Prob. 2A.1E Ch. 2 - Prob. 2A.2E

Solution Summary: The author explains how the electronic arrangement of BrF_4- has to be determined. Hybridization is the hypothetical concept of mixing of atomic orbital into hybrid orbitals

Concept explainers

Videos

Interpretation:

Molecular shape of BrF4− has to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a).

Interpretation:

Hybridization of Br in BrF4− has to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a).

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Chapter 2 Solutions

Solution Summary: The author explains how the electronic arrangement of BrF_4- has to be determined. Hybridization is the hypothetical concept of mixing of atomic orbital into hybrid orbitals

Concept explainers

Videos

Interpretation: Molecular shape of BrF4− has to be determined. Concept Introduction: Refer to part (a).

Interpretation: Hybridization of Br in BrF4− has to be determined. Concept Introduction: Refer to part (a).

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Chapter 2 Solutions

Interpretation:

Molecular shape of BrF4− has to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a).

Interpretation:

Hybridization of Br in BrF4− has to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a).