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Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation:
The VSEPR formula and shape for
Concept Introduction:
Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion model predicts shape by inclusion of bond angles and most distant arrangement of atoms that leads to minimum repulsion. For the molecules that have no lone pairs around the central atom the bonded-atom unshared -pair arrangement is decided by the table as follows:
In order to determine the shape the steps to be followed are indicated as follows:
- 1. Lewis structure of molecule should be written.
- 2. The type electron arrangement around the central atom should be identified around the central atom. This essentially refers to determination of bond pairs and unshared or lone pairs around central atoms.
- 3. Then bonded-atom unshared -pair arrangement that can maximize the distance of electron pairs about central atom determines the shape.
For molecules that have lone pairs around central atom, lone pairs influence shape, because there are no atoms at the positions occupied by these lone pairs. The key rule that governs the molecular shape, in this case, is the extent of lone –lone pair repulsions are far greater than lone bond pair or bond pair-bond pair repulsions. The table that summarized the molecular shapes possible for various combinations of bonded and lone pairs are given as follows:
(a)
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Answer to Problem 2E.13E
The shape for
Explanation of Solution
Total valence electrons are sum of the valence electrons on each atom in
The skeleton structure in
These 9 electron pairs are allotted as lone pairs of each of the iodine atoms to satisfy their octet. Hence, the Lewis structure in
It is evident that in
If lone pairs are represented by E, and other attached bond pairs by X, then for any linear species the VSEPR formula is predicted as
(b)
Interpretation:
The VSEPR formula and shape for molecule has to be predicted.
Concept Introduction:
Refer to part (a).
(b)
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Answer to Problem 2E.13E
The shape for
Explanation of Solution
Total valence electrons are sum of the valence electrons on atom in
The skeleton structure in
These 12 electron pairs are allotted as lone pairs or multiple bonds to satisfy respective octets. Hence, the Lewis structure in
It is evident that in
If lone pairs are represented by E, central atom with A and other attached bond pairs by X, then for any tetrahedral species the VSEPR formula is predicted to be
(c)
Interpretation:
The VSEPR formula and shape for
Concept Introduction:
Refer to part (a).
(c)
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Answer to Problem 2E.13E
The shape for
Explanation of Solution
Total valence electrons are sum of the valence electrons on atom in
The skeleton structure in
These 10 electron pairs are allotted as lone pairs to each of the oxygen to satisfy its octet. Hence, the Lewis structure in
It is evident that in
Lone pairs tend to be localized on apical position while
If lone pairs are represented by E, central atom with A and other attached bond pairs by X, then for any trigonal pyramidal species the VSEPR formula is predicted as
(d)
Interpretation:
The VSEPR formula, shape for the Lewis structure of
Concept Introduction:
Refer to part (a).
(d)
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Answer to Problem 2E.13E
The shape for
Explanation of Solution
Total valence electrons are sum of the valence electrons on each atom in
The skeleton structure in
These 6 electron pairs are allotted as lone pairs or double bonds on each of the atom in
It is evident that in
If central atom is represented by A, and other attached bond pairs by X, then for any linear species the VSEPR formula is predicted as
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Chapter 2 Solutions
Chemical Principles: The Quest for Insight
- Q1: For each molecule, assign each stereocenter as R or S. Circle the meso compounds. Label each compound as chiral or achiral. OH HO CI Br H CI CI Br CI CI Xf x f g Br D OH Br Br H₂N R. IN Ill I -N S OMe D II H CO₂H 1/111 DuckDuckGarrow_forwardThese are synthesis questions. You need to show how the starting material can be converted into the product(s) shown. You may use any reactions we have learned. Show all the reagents you need. Show each molecule synthesized along the way and be sure to pay attention to the regiochemistry and stereochemistry preferences for each reaction. If a racemic molecule is made along the way, you need to draw both enantiomers and label the mixture as "racemic". All of the carbon atoms of the products must come from the starting material! ? H Harrow_forwardQ5: Draw every stereoisomer for 1-bromo-2-chloro-1,2-difluorocyclopentane. Clearly show stereochemistry by drawing the wedge-and-dashed bonds. Describe the relationship between each pair of the stereoisomers you have drawn.arrow_forward
- Classify each pair of molecules according to whether or not they can participate in hydrogen bonding with one another. Participate in hydrogen bonding CH3COCH3 and CH3COCH2CH3 H2O and (CH3CH2)2CO CH3COCH3 and CH₂ CHO Answer Bank Do not participate in hydrogen bonding CH3CH2OH and HCHO CH3COCH2CH3 and CH3OHarrow_forwardNonearrow_forwardQ4: Comparing (3S,4S)-3,4-dimethylhexane and (3R,4S)-3,4-dimethylhexane, which one is optically active? Briefly explain.arrow_forward
- Nonearrow_forwardNonearrow_forwardGiven the standard enthalpies of formation for the following substances, determine the reaction enthalpy for the following reaction. 4A (g) + 2B (g) → 2C (g) + 7D (g) AHrxn =?kJ Substance AH in kJ/mol A (g) - 20.42 B (g) + 32.18 C (g) - 72.51 D (g) - 17.87arrow_forward
- Determine ASran for Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) = ZnCl2(aq) + H2(aq) given the following information: Standard Entropy Values of Various Substance Substance So (J/mol • K) 60.9 Zn(s) HCl(aq) 56.5 130.58 H2(g) Zn2+(aq) -106.5 55.10 CI (aq)arrow_forward3) Catalytic hydrogenation of the compound below produced the expected product. However, a byproduct with molecular formula C10H12O is also formed in small quantities. What is the by product?arrow_forwardWhat is the ΔHorxn of the reaction? NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) → H2O(l) + NaCl(aq) ΔHorxn 1= ________ kJ/molarrow_forward
- Chemistry: The Molecular ScienceChemistryISBN:9781285199047Author:John W. Moore, Conrad L. StanitskiPublisher:Cengage Learning
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