a) Interpretation: Starting from benzene as the only source of aromatic compounds and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, if necessary, how p-chloroacetophenone can be synthesized is to be stated. Concept introduction: In aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions halogens are ortho and para directing groups while the keto group is a meta directing group. Hence to prepare p-chloroacetophenone, benzene has to be halogenated and the halobenzene obtained should be subjected to Friedal-Crafts acylation. To state: Starting from benzene as the only source of aromatic compounds and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, if necessary, how p-chloroacetophenone can be synthesized.

Question

An expression for the root mean square velocity, vrms, of a gas was derived. Using Maxwell’s velocity distribution, one can also calculate the mean velocity and the most probable velocity (mp) of a collection of molecules. The equations used for these two quantities are vmean=(8RT/πM)1/2 and vmp=(2RT/M)1/2 These values have a fixed relationship to each other.(a) Arrange these three quantities in order of increasing magnitude.(b) Show that the relative magnitudes are independent of the molar mass of the gas.(c) Use the smallest velocity as a reference for establishing the order of magnitude and determine the relationship between the larger and smaller values.

Answer 1

Question

Chapter 16.SE, Problem 56AP

Interpretation Introduction

a)

Interpretation:

Starting from benzene as the only source of aromatic compounds and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, if necessary, how p-chloroacetophenone can be synthesized is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

In aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions halogens are ortho and para directing groups while the keto group is a meta directing group. Hence to prepare p-chloroacetophenone, benzene has to be halogenated and the halobenzene obtained should be subjected to Friedal-Crafts acylation.

To state:

Starting from benzene as the only source of aromatic compounds and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, if necessary, how p-chloroacetophenone can be synthesized.

Interpretation Introduction

b)

Interpretation:

Starting from benzene as the only source of aromatic compounds and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, if necessary, how m-bromonitrobenzene can be synthesized is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

In aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions halogens are ortho and para directing groups while the nitro group is a meta directing group. Hence to prepare m-bromonitrobenzene, benzene has to be first nitrated and the nitrobenzene obtained should be halogenated.

To state:

Starting from benzene as the only source of aromatic compounds and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, if necessary, how m–bromonitrobenzene can be synthesized.

Interpretation Introduction

c)

Interpretation:

Starting from benzene as the only source of aromatic compounds and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, if necessary, how o-bromobenzenesulfonic acid can be synthesized is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

In aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions halogens are ortho and para directing groups while the sulfonic acid group is a meta directing group. Hence to prepare o-bromobenzenesulfonic acid, benzene has to be halogenated and the halobenzene obtained should be subjected to sulfonation.

To state:

Starting from benzene as the only source of aromatic compounds and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, if necessary, how o-bromobenzenesulfonic acid can be synthesized.

Interpretation Introduction

d)

Interpretation:

Starting from benzene as the only source of aromatic compounds and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, if necessary, how m-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid can be synthesized is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

In aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions halogens are ortho and para directing groups while the sulfonic acid group is a meta directing group. Hence to prepare m-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid, benzene has to be sulfonated and the benzenesulfonicacid obtained should be halogenated.

To state:

Starting from benzene as the only source of aromatic compounds and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, if necessary, how m-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid can be synthesized.

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An expression for the root mean square velocity, vrms, of a gas was derived. Using Maxwell’s velocity distribution, one can also calculate the mean velocity and the most probable velocity (mp) of a collection of molecules. The equations used for these two quantities are vmean=(8RT/πM)1/2 and vmp=(2RT/M)1/2 These values have a fixed relationship to each other.(a) Arrange these three quantities in order of increasing magnitude.(b) Show that the relative magnitudes are independent of the molar mass of the gas.(c) Use the smallest velocity as a reference for establishing the order of magnitude and determine the relationship between the larger and smaller values.

The reaction of solid dimethylhydrazine, (CH3)2N2H2, and liquefied dinitrogen tetroxide, N2O4, has been investigated for use as rocket fuel. The reaction produces the gases carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen (N2), and water vapor (H2O), which are ejected in the exhaust gases. In a controlled experiment, solid dimethylhydrazine was reacted with excess dinitrogen tetroxide, and the gases were collected in a closed balloon until a pressure of 2.50 atm and a temperature of 400.0 K were reached.(a) What are the partial pressures of CO2, N2, and H2O?(b) When the CO2 is removed by chemical reaction, what are the partial pressures of the remaining gases?

One liter of chlorine gas at 1 atm and 298 K reacts completely with 1.00 L of nitrogen gas and 2.00 L of oxygen gas at the same temperature and pressure. A single gaseous product is formed, which fills a 2.00 L flask at 1.00 atm and 298 K. Use this information to determine the following characteristics of the product:(a) its empirical formula;(b) its molecular formula;(c) the most favorable Lewis formula based on formal charge arguments (the central atom is N);(d) the shape of the molecule.

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 16.SE, Problem 56AP

Interpretation Introduction

a)

Interpretation:

Starting from benzene as the only source of aromatic compounds and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, if necessary, how p-chloroacetophenone can be synthesized is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

In aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions halogens are ortho and para directing groups while the keto group is a meta directing group. Hence to prepare p-chloroacetophenone, benzene has to be halogenated and the halobenzene obtained should be subjected to Friedal-Crafts acylation.

To state:

Starting from benzene as the only source of aromatic compounds and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, if necessary, how p-chloroacetophenone can be synthesized.

Interpretation Introduction

b)

Interpretation:

Starting from benzene as the only source of aromatic compounds and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, if necessary, how m-bromonitrobenzene can be synthesized is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

In aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions halogens are ortho and para directing groups while the nitro group is a meta directing group. Hence to prepare m-bromonitrobenzene, benzene has to be first nitrated and the nitrobenzene obtained should be halogenated.

To state:

Starting from benzene as the only source of aromatic compounds and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, if necessary, how m–bromonitrobenzene can be synthesized.

Interpretation Introduction

c)

Interpretation:

Starting from benzene as the only source of aromatic compounds and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, if necessary, how o-bromobenzenesulfonic acid can be synthesized is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

In aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions halogens are ortho and para directing groups while the sulfonic acid group is a meta directing group. Hence to prepare o-bromobenzenesulfonic acid, benzene has to be halogenated and the halobenzene obtained should be subjected to sulfonation.

To state:

Starting from benzene as the only source of aromatic compounds and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, if necessary, how o-bromobenzenesulfonic acid can be synthesized.

Interpretation Introduction

d)

Interpretation:

Starting from benzene as the only source of aromatic compounds and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, if necessary, how m-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid can be synthesized is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

In aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions halogens are ortho and para directing groups while the sulfonic acid group is a meta directing group. Hence to prepare m-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid, benzene has to be sulfonated and the benzenesulfonicacid obtained should be halogenated.

To state:

Starting from benzene as the only source of aromatic compounds and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, if necessary, how m-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid can be synthesized.

Expert Solution & Answer

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 16.SE, Problem 56AP

Interpretation Introduction

a)

Interpretation:

Starting from benzene as the only source of aromatic compounds and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, if necessary, how p-chloroacetophenone can be synthesized is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

In aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions halogens are ortho and para directing groups while the keto group is a meta directing group. Hence to prepare p-chloroacetophenone, benzene has to be halogenated and the halobenzene obtained should be subjected to Friedal-Crafts acylation.

To state:

Starting from benzene as the only source of aromatic compounds and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, if necessary, how p-chloroacetophenone can be synthesized.

Interpretation Introduction

b)

Interpretation:

Starting from benzene as the only source of aromatic compounds and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, if necessary, how m-bromonitrobenzene can be synthesized is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

In aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions halogens are ortho and para directing groups while the nitro group is a meta directing group. Hence to prepare m-bromonitrobenzene, benzene has to be first nitrated and the nitrobenzene obtained should be halogenated.

To state:

Starting from benzene as the only source of aromatic compounds and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, if necessary, how m–bromonitrobenzene can be synthesized.

Interpretation Introduction

c)

Interpretation:

Starting from benzene as the only source of aromatic compounds and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, if necessary, how o-bromobenzenesulfonic acid can be synthesized is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

In aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions halogens are ortho and para directing groups while the sulfonic acid group is a meta directing group. Hence to prepare o-bromobenzenesulfonic acid, benzene has to be halogenated and the halobenzene obtained should be subjected to sulfonation.

To state:

Starting from benzene as the only source of aromatic compounds and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, if necessary, how o-bromobenzenesulfonic acid can be synthesized.

Interpretation Introduction

d)

Interpretation:

Starting from benzene as the only source of aromatic compounds and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, if necessary, how m-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid can be synthesized is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

In aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions halogens are ortho and para directing groups while the sulfonic acid group is a meta directing group. Hence to prepare m-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid, benzene has to be sulfonated and the benzenesulfonicacid obtained should be halogenated.

To state:

Starting from benzene as the only source of aromatic compounds and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, if necessary, how m-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid can be synthesized.

Expert Solution & Answer

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 16.SE, Problem 56AP

Interpretation Introduction

a)

Interpretation:

Starting from benzene as the only source of aromatic compounds and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, if necessary, how p-chloroacetophenone can be synthesized is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

In aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions halogens are ortho and para directing groups while the keto group is a meta directing group. Hence to prepare p-chloroacetophenone, benzene has to be halogenated and the halobenzene obtained should be subjected to Friedal-Crafts acylation.

To state:

Starting from benzene as the only source of aromatic compounds and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, if necessary, how p-chloroacetophenone can be synthesized.

Interpretation Introduction

b)

Interpretation:

Starting from benzene as the only source of aromatic compounds and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, if necessary, how m-bromonitrobenzene can be synthesized is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

In aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions halogens are ortho and para directing groups while the nitro group is a meta directing group. Hence to prepare m-bromonitrobenzene, benzene has to be first nitrated and the nitrobenzene obtained should be halogenated.

To state:

Starting from benzene as the only source of aromatic compounds and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, if necessary, how m–bromonitrobenzene can be synthesized.

Interpretation Introduction

c)

Interpretation:

Starting from benzene as the only source of aromatic compounds and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, if necessary, how o-bromobenzenesulfonic acid can be synthesized is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

In aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions halogens are ortho and para directing groups while the sulfonic acid group is a meta directing group. Hence to prepare o-bromobenzenesulfonic acid, benzene has to be halogenated and the halobenzene obtained should be subjected to sulfonation.

To state:

Starting from benzene as the only source of aromatic compounds and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, if necessary, how o-bromobenzenesulfonic acid can be synthesized.

Interpretation Introduction

d)

Interpretation:

Starting from benzene as the only source of aromatic compounds and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, if necessary, how m-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid can be synthesized is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

In aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions halogens are ortho and para directing groups while the sulfonic acid group is a meta directing group. Hence to prepare m-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid, benzene has to be sulfonated and the benzenesulfonicacid obtained should be halogenated.

To state:

Starting from benzene as the only source of aromatic compounds and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, if necessary, how m-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid can be synthesized.

Expert Solution & Answer

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Answer 5

Chapter 16.SE, Problem 56AP

Interpretation Introduction

a)

Interpretation:

Starting from benzene as the only source of aromatic compounds and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, if necessary, how p-chloroacetophenone can be synthesized is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

In aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions halogens are ortho and para directing groups while the keto group is a meta directing group. Hence to prepare p-chloroacetophenone, benzene has to be halogenated and the halobenzene obtained should be subjected to Friedal-Crafts acylation.

To state:

Starting from benzene as the only source of aromatic compounds and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, if necessary, how p-chloroacetophenone can be synthesized.

Interpretation Introduction

b)

Interpretation:

Starting from benzene as the only source of aromatic compounds and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, if necessary, how m-bromonitrobenzene can be synthesized is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

In aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions halogens are ortho and para directing groups while the nitro group is a meta directing group. Hence to prepare m-bromonitrobenzene, benzene has to be first nitrated and the nitrobenzene obtained should be halogenated.

To state:

Starting from benzene as the only source of aromatic compounds and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, if necessary, how m–bromonitrobenzene can be synthesized.

Interpretation Introduction

c)

Interpretation:

Starting from benzene as the only source of aromatic compounds and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, if necessary, how o-bromobenzenesulfonic acid can be synthesized is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

In aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions halogens are ortho and para directing groups while the sulfonic acid group is a meta directing group. Hence to prepare o-bromobenzenesulfonic acid, benzene has to be halogenated and the halobenzene obtained should be subjected to sulfonation.

To state:

Starting from benzene as the only source of aromatic compounds and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, if necessary, how o-bromobenzenesulfonic acid can be synthesized.

Interpretation Introduction

d)

Interpretation:

Starting from benzene as the only source of aromatic compounds and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, if necessary, how m-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid can be synthesized is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

In aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions halogens are ortho and para directing groups while the sulfonic acid group is a meta directing group. Hence to prepare m-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid, benzene has to be sulfonated and the benzenesulfonicacid obtained should be halogenated.

To state:

Starting from benzene as the only source of aromatic compounds and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, if necessary, how m-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid can be synthesized.

Answer 6

Chapter 16.SE, Problem 56AP

Interpretation Introduction

a)

Interpretation:

Starting from benzene as the only source of aromatic compounds and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, if necessary, how p-chloroacetophenone can be synthesized is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

In aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions halogens are ortho and para directing groups while the keto group is a meta directing group. Hence to prepare p-chloroacetophenone, benzene has to be halogenated and the halobenzene obtained should be subjected to Friedal-Crafts acylation.

To state:

Starting from benzene as the only source of aromatic compounds and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, if necessary, how p-chloroacetophenone can be synthesized.

Answer 7

Chapter 16.SE, Problem 56AP

Interpretation Introduction

a)

Interpretation:

Starting from benzene as the only source of aromatic compounds and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, if necessary, how p-chloroacetophenone can be synthesized is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

In aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions halogens are ortho and para directing groups while the keto group is a meta directing group. Hence to prepare p-chloroacetophenone, benzene has to be halogenated and the halobenzene obtained should be subjected to Friedal-Crafts acylation.

To state:

Starting from benzene as the only source of aromatic compounds and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, if necessary, how p-chloroacetophenone can be synthesized.

Answer 8

Interpretation Introduction

b)

Interpretation:

Starting from benzene as the only source of aromatic compounds and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, if necessary, how m-bromonitrobenzene can be synthesized is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

In aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions halogens are ortho and para directing groups while the nitro group is a meta directing group. Hence to prepare m-bromonitrobenzene, benzene has to be first nitrated and the nitrobenzene obtained should be halogenated.

To state:

Starting from benzene as the only source of aromatic compounds and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, if necessary, how m–bromonitrobenzene can be synthesized.

Answer 9

Interpretation Introduction

b)

Interpretation:

Starting from benzene as the only source of aromatic compounds and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, if necessary, how m-bromonitrobenzene can be synthesized is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

In aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions halogens are ortho and para directing groups while the nitro group is a meta directing group. Hence to prepare m-bromonitrobenzene, benzene has to be first nitrated and the nitrobenzene obtained should be halogenated.

To state:

Starting from benzene as the only source of aromatic compounds and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, if necessary, how m–bromonitrobenzene can be synthesized.

Answer 10

Interpretation Introduction

c)

Interpretation:

Starting from benzene as the only source of aromatic compounds and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, if necessary, how o-bromobenzenesulfonic acid can be synthesized is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

In aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions halogens are ortho and para directing groups while the sulfonic acid group is a meta directing group. Hence to prepare o-bromobenzenesulfonic acid, benzene has to be halogenated and the halobenzene obtained should be subjected to sulfonation.

To state:

Starting from benzene as the only source of aromatic compounds and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, if necessary, how o-bromobenzenesulfonic acid can be synthesized.

Answer 11

Interpretation Introduction

c)

Interpretation:

Starting from benzene as the only source of aromatic compounds and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, if necessary, how o-bromobenzenesulfonic acid can be synthesized is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

In aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions halogens are ortho and para directing groups while the sulfonic acid group is a meta directing group. Hence to prepare o-bromobenzenesulfonic acid, benzene has to be halogenated and the halobenzene obtained should be subjected to sulfonation.

To state:

Starting from benzene as the only source of aromatic compounds and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, if necessary, how o-bromobenzenesulfonic acid can be synthesized.

Answer 12

Interpretation Introduction

d)

Interpretation:

Starting from benzene as the only source of aromatic compounds and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, if necessary, how m-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid can be synthesized is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

In aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions halogens are ortho and para directing groups while the sulfonic acid group is a meta directing group. Hence to prepare m-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid, benzene has to be sulfonated and the benzenesulfonicacid obtained should be halogenated.

To state:

Starting from benzene as the only source of aromatic compounds and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, if necessary, how m-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid can be synthesized.

Answer 13

Interpretation Introduction

d)

Interpretation:

Starting from benzene as the only source of aromatic compounds and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, if necessary, how m-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid can be synthesized is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

In aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions halogens are ortho and para directing groups while the sulfonic acid group is a meta directing group. Hence to prepare m-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid, benzene has to be sulfonated and the benzenesulfonicacid obtained should be halogenated.

To state:

Starting from benzene as the only source of aromatic compounds and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, if necessary, how m-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid can be synthesized.

Answer 14

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Ch. 16.1 - Prob. 1P Ch. 16.2 - Propose a mechanism for the electrophilic...Ch. 16.2 - How many products might be formed on chlorination...Ch. 16.2 - When benzene is treated with D2SÅª4. deuterium...Ch. 16.3 - Prob. 5P Ch. 16.3 - What is the major monosubstitution product from...Ch. 16.3 - Identify the carboxylic acid chloride that might...Ch. 16.4 - Rank the compounds in each of the following groups...Ch. 16.4 - Predict the major products of the following...Ch. 16.4 - Prob. 10P

Solution Summary: The author explains how p-chloroacetophenone can be synthesized by starting from benzene as the only source of aromatic compounds.

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Chapter 16 Solutions