Chapter 12, Problem 87E

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:Number of valence electrons of $\text{Ca}$ and specific valence electrons should be determined.

Concept introduction:The process by which electrons are distributed in molecular or atomic orbitals is termed as electronic configuration and is arranged in accordance to Aufbau principle. Hund’s rule of multiplicity states that electrons are filled singly in an orbital initially and then pairing occurs with different spin. Thus atomic orbital is filled in accordance to this rule.

The electrons that are present in the outermost shell of an atom are termed as valence electrons.In accordance to Aufbau principle electrons are filled in lower energy level and than to higher level. The electrons are arranged in order from higher energy level to lower level is as follows:

  $s>p>d>f$

Electrons in orbitals are arranged as follows:

  $1s^{2}2s^{2}2p^{6}3s^{2}3p^{6}4s^{2}3d^{10}4p^{6}4d^{10}5s^2$

Total number of electrons occupied in each orbital is as follows:

  $\begin{array}{ccccc}\text{Orbital}& s& p& d& f\\ \text{Total electrons}& 2& 6& 10& 14\end{array}$

Answer to Problem 87E

There are two valence electrons in $\text{Ca}$ atom and valence shell configuration is $4{\text{s}}^2$ .

Explanation of Solution

The atomic number of $\text{Ca}$ atom is 20. The electronic configuration of $\text{Ca}$ is as follows:

  $1s^{2}2s^{2}2p^{6}3s^{2}3p^{6}4s^2$

Since last electrons are present in fourth shell, therefore, outermost shell configuration of $\text{Ca}$ is $4{\text{s}}^2$ with two valence electrons.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:Number of valence electrons of $\text{O}$ and specific valence electrons should be determined.

Concept introduction:The process by which electrons are distributed in molecular or atomic orbitals is termed as electronic configuration and is arranged in accordance to Aufbau principle. Hund’s rule of multiplicity states that electrons are filled singly in an orbital initially and then pairing occurs with different spin. Thus atomic orbital is filled in accordance to this rule.

The electrons that are present in the outermost shell of an atom are termed as valence electrons. In accordance to Aufbau principle electrons are filled in lower energy level and than to higher level. The electrons are arranged in order from higher energy level to lower level is as follows:

  $s>p>d>f$

Electrons in orbitals are arranged as follows:

  $1s^{2}2s^{2}2p^{6}3s^{2}3p^{6}4s^{2}3d^{10}4p^{6}4d^{10}5s^2$

Total number of electrons occupied in each orbital is as follows:

  $\begin{array}{ccccc}\text{Orbital}& s& p& d& f\\ \text{Total electrons}& 2& 6& 10& 14\end{array}$

Answer to Problem 87E

There are six valence electrons in $\text{O}$ atom and valence shell configuration is $2{\text{s}}^{2}2p^4$ .

Explanation of Solution

The atomic number of $\text{O}$ atom is 8. The electronic configuration of $\text{O}$ is as follows:

  $1s^{2}2s^{2}2p^4$

Since last electrons are present in two shells, therefore, outermost shell configuration of $\text{O}$ is $2{\text{s}}^{2}2p^4$ with six valence electrons.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:Number of valence electrons of element 117 and specific valence electrons should be determined.

Concept introduction:The process by which electrons are distributed in molecular or atomic orbitals is termed as electronic configuration and is arranged in accordance to Aufbau principle. Hund’s rule of multiplicity states that electrons are filled singly in an orbital initially and then pairing occurs with different spin. Thus atomic orbital is filled in accordance to this rule.

The electrons that are present in the outermost shell of an atom are termed as valence electrons. In accordance to Aufbau principle electrons are filled in lower energy level and than to higher level. The electrons are arranged in order from higher energy level to lower level is as follows:

  $s>p>d>f$

Electrons in orbitals are arranged as follows:

  $1s^{2}2s^{2}2p^{6}3s^{2}3p^{6}4s^{2}3d^{10}4p^{6}4d^{10}5s^2$

Total number of electrons occupied in each orbital is as follows:

  $\begin{array}{ccccc}\text{Orbital}& s& p& d& f\\ \text{Total electrons}& 2& 6& 10& 14\end{array}$

Answer to Problem 87E

There are seven valence electrons in element 117 and valence shell configuration is $7{\text{s}}^{2}7p^5$ .

Explanation of Solution

The name of element 117 istennessine and its electronic configuration is as follows:

  $\left[\text{Rn}\right]5f^{14}6d^{10}7s^{2}7p^5$

Since last electrons are present in seventh shell, therefore, outermost shell configuration of element 117 is $7s^{2}7p^5$ with seven valence electrons.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:Number of valence electrons of $\text{In}$ and specific valence electrons should be determined.

Concept introduction:The process by which electrons are distributed in molecular or atomic orbitals is termed as electronic configuration and is arranged in accordance to Aufbau principle. Hund’s rule of multiplicity states that electrons are filled singly in an orbital initially and then pairing occurs with different spin. Thus atomic orbital is filled in accordance to this rule.

The electrons that are present in the outermost shell of an atom are termed as valence electrons. In accordance to Aufbau principle electrons are filled in lower energy level and than to higher level. The electrons are arranged in order from higher energy level to lower level is as follows:

  $s>p>d>f$

Electrons in orbitals are arranged as follows:

  $1s^{2}2s^{2}2p^{6}3s^{2}3p^{6}4s^{2}3d^{10}4p^{6}4d^{10}5s^2$

Total number of electrons occupied in each orbital is as follows:

  $\begin{array}{ccccc}\text{Orbital}& s& p& d& f\\ \text{Total electrons}& 2& 6& 10& 14\end{array}$

Answer to Problem 87E

There are three valence electrons in $\text{In}$ atom and valence shell configuration is $5{\text{s}}^{2}5p^1$ .

Explanation of Solution

The atomic number of $\text{In}$ atom is 97. The electronic configuration of $\text{In}$ is as follows:

  $\left[\text{Kr}\right]4d^{10}5s^{2}5p^1$

Since last electrons are present in fifth shell, therefore, outermost shell configuration of $\text{In}$ is $5s^{2}5p^1$ with three valence electrons.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:Number of valence electrons of $\text{Ar}$ and specific valence electrons should be determined.

Concept introduction:The process by which electrons are distributed in molecular or atomic orbitals is termed as electronic configuration and is arranged in accordance to Aufbau principle. Hund’s rule of multiplicity states that electrons are filled singly in an orbital initially and then pairing occurs with different spin. Thus atomic orbital is filled in accordance to this rule.

The electrons that are present in the outermost shell of an atom are termed as valence electrons. In accordance to Aufbau principle electrons are filled in lower energy level and than to higher level. The electrons are arranged in order from higher energy level to lower level is as follows:

  $s>p>d>f$

Electrons in orbitals are arranged as follows:

  $1s^{2}2s^{2}2p^{6}3s^{2}3p^{6}4s^{2}3d^{10}4p^{6}4d^{10}5s^2$

Total number of electrons occupied in each orbital is as follows:

  $\begin{array}{ccccc}\text{Orbital}& s& p& d& f\\ \text{Total electrons}& 2& 6& 10& 14\end{array}$

Answer to Problem 87E

There are eight valence electrons in $\text{Ar}$ atom and valence shell configuration is $3{\text{s}}^{2}3p^6$ .

Explanation of Solution

The atomic number of $\text{Ar}$ atom is 18. The electronic configuration of $\text{Ar}$ is as follows:

  $1s^{2}2s^{2}2p^{6}3s^{2}3p^6$

Since last electrons are present in third shell, therefore, outermost shell configuration of $\text{Ar}$ is $3s^{2}3p^6$ with eight valence electrons.

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:Number of valence electrons of $\text{Bi}$ and specific valence electrons should be determined.

Concept introduction:The process by which electrons are distributed in molecular or atomic orbitals is termed as electronic configuration and is arranged in accordance to Aufbau principle. Hund’s rule of multiplicity states that electrons are filled singly in an orbital initially and then pairing occurs with different spin. Thus atomic orbital is filled in accordance to this rule.

The electrons that are present in the outermost shell of an atom are termed as valence electrons. In accordance to Aufbau principle electrons are filled in lower energy level and than to higher level. The electrons are arranged in order from higher energy level to lower level is as follows:

  $s>p>d>f$

Electrons in orbitals are arranged as follows:

  $1s^{2}2s^{2}2p^{6}3s^{2}3p^{6}4s^{2}3d^{10}4p^{6}4d^{10}5s^2$

Total number of electrons occupied in each orbital is as follows:

  $\begin{array}{ccccc}\text{Orbital}& s& p& d& f\\ \text{Total electrons}& 2& 6& 10& 14\end{array}$

Answer to Problem 87E

There are five valence electrons in $\text{Bi}$ atom and valence shell configuration is $6s^{2}6p^3$ .

Explanation of Solution

The atomic number of $\text{Bi}$ atom is 20. The electronic configuration of $\text{Bi}$ is as follows:

  $\left[\text{Xe}\right]4f^{14}5d^{10}6s^{2}6p^3$

Since last electrons are present in sixth shell, therefore, outermost shell configuration of $\text{Bi}$ is $6s^{2}6p^3$ with five valence electrons.