
(a)
Interpretation:Equation corresponding to fourth ionization energy of selenium should be written.
Concept introduction:In order to remove the electron situated in outermost shell certain minimum energy must be imparted so as to convert an atom to gaseous species. The energy thus imparted represents ionization energy.
Magnitude of ionization energy is determined by how effectively valence electron is held by nucleus. If the outermost shell has, for instance, one or two electronsthat require very minimum ionization energy as they can attain the noble gas configuration upon loss of those electrons.
(b)
Interpretation: Equation corresponding to
Concept introduction:In order to remove the electron situated in outermost shell certain minimum energy must be imparted so as to convert an atom to gaseous species. The energy thus imparted represents ionization energy.
Reverse of ionization process may result in gain of one or more electron as exhibited by group 16 and 17 so as to attain noble core configuration. These groups have 6 and seven valence electrons and hence favorably accept 2 and 1 electron respectively. This behavior is termed as electron affinity.
(c)
Interpretation: Equation corresponding to electron affinity process of
Concept introduction:In order to remove the electron situated in outermost shell certain minimum energy must be imparted so as to convert an atom to gaseous species. The energy thus imparted represents ionization energy.
Reverse of ionization process may result in gain of one or more electron as exhibited by group 16 and 17 so as to attain noble core configuration. These groups have 6 and seven valence electrons and hence favorably accept 2 and 1 electron respectively. This behavior is termed as electron affinity.
(d)
Interpretation: Equation corresponding to ionization energy of
Concept introduction:In order to remove the electron situated in outermost shell certain minimum energy must be imparted so as to convert an atom to gaseous species. The energy thus imparted represents ionization energy.
Magnitude of ionization energy is determined by how effectively valence electron is held by nucleus. If the outermost shell has, for instance, one or two electrons that require very minimum ionization energy as they can attain the noble gas configuration upon loss of those electrons.
(e)
Interpretation: Equation corresponding to work function of
Concept introduction: In order to remove the electron situated in outermost shell certain minimum energy must be imparted so as to convert an atom to gaseous species. The energy thus imparted represents ionization energy.
Work function refers to least amount of energy that must be supplied to knock off the first electron. If energy greater than work function is applied the equivalent energy appears as kinetic energy of liberated electron.

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Chapter 12 Solutions
Chemical Principles
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