Chapter 12, Problem 85E

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Atomic orbital diagrams for two exceptions found amongst elements from atomic number 1 to 36 should be drawn.

Concept introduction:Aufbau rule states that electrons must be filled in lowest energy levels first. For instance, electrons first occupy shells that are lower in energies illustrated as follows:

  

Pauli’s exclusion principle states thatno two or more than two electrons of a poly electron atom can have same values of 4 quantum numbers that are $n$ , $l$ , $m$ and $s$ .It also states that only two electrons can occupy same orbital with opposite spins.

Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity states that electrons cannot be allowed to pair until each orbital gets singly filled with one electron. These 3 principles form basis for determination of electronic configuration.However, certain elements that are able to achieve nearest half-filled or fully filed configuration show exceptional configurations.