Biology: Life on Earth with Physiology (11th Edition)
11th Edition
ISBN: 9780133923001
Author: Gerald Audesirk, Teresa Audesirk, Bruce E. Byers
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 11, Problem 2RQ
Summary Introduction
To explain:
The linkage of genes located on the same chromosome and separation of linked genes during meiosis.
Introduction:
The chromosomes consist of several genes and contain the genetic material. The chromosomes divide and separate during cell division. The numerous combinations of chromosomes lead to such a diverse variability in organisms.
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We say that genes that are close together on the same chromosome are linked. What does that mean? Imagine that in a diploid nucleus, one chromosome has the allele R and right next to it on the same chromosome is the allele T for a different gene. Are these linked? Imagine that r is right next to t on the homologous chromosome. If this cell never undergoes meiosis, does this matter at all? If it does undergo meiosis, what are the two genotypes that the gametes are most likely to have? Look at Figure for help if you need it.
If each gene is located on a specific chromosome and that chromosome has two pairs (homologous chromosomes), how does each chromosome represent one allele and why do you label each chromatid with the same allele?
What are linked genes? What is the difference between tightly-linked and loosely-linked genes? How does loosely-linked versus tightly-linked affect the probably of segregation of genes during meiosis?
Chapter 11 Solutions
Biology: Life on Earth with Physiology (11th Edition)
Ch. 11.1 - describe the relationships among chromosomes, DNA,...Ch. 11.1 - Prob. 2CYLCh. 11.2 - distinguish between self-fertilization and...Ch. 11.2 - Prob. 2CYLCh. 11.3 - Sudden Death on the court Many traits, in humans...Ch. 11.3 - describe the pattern of inheritance of a trait...Ch. 11.3 - Prob. 1TCCh. 11.3 - Prob. 2CYLCh. 11.3 - Prob. 3CYLCh. 11.4 - Prob. 1CYL
Ch. 11.4 - Prob. 1TCCh. 11.4 - Prob. 2CYLCh. 11.4 - Prob. 2TCCh. 11.4 - Prob. 3CYLCh. 11.5 - Prob. 1CSCCh. 11.5 - Prob. 1CYLCh. 11.5 - Prob. 1HYEWCh. 11.5 - Prob. 1TCCh. 11.5 - explain how polygenic inheritance and...Ch. 11.6 - describe how the patterns of inheritance differ...Ch. 11.7 - Prob. 1CYLCh. 11.7 - explain why most sex-linked traits are controlled...Ch. 11.7 - describe the pattern of inheritance of sex-linked...Ch. 11.8 - Prob. 1CSRCh. 11.8 - use pedigrees to determine the pattern of...Ch. 11.8 - Prob. 1ETCh. 11.8 - Prob. 1TCCh. 11.8 - Prob. 2CYLCh. 11.8 - Prob. 2ETCh. 11 - Prob. 1ACCh. 11 - An organism is described as Rr, with red coloring....Ch. 11 - In certain cattle, hair color can be red...Ch. 11 - Prob. 1MCCh. 11 - Define the following terms: gene, allele,...Ch. 11 - Prob. 2ACCh. 11 - Prob. 2FIBCh. 11 - Prob. 2GPCh. 11 - Prob. 2MCCh. 11 - Prob. 2RQCh. 11 - Prob. 3FIBCh. 11 - Prob. 3GPCh. 11 - Prob. 3MCCh. 11 - Prob. 3RQCh. 11 - Genes that are present on one sex chromosome but...Ch. 11 - Prob. 4GPCh. 11 - Prob. 4MCCh. 11 - Prob. 4RQCh. 11 - Prob. 5FIBCh. 11 - Prob. 5GPCh. 11 - Prob. 5MCCh. 11 - Prob. 5RQCh. 11 - Prob. 6GPCh. 11 - Prob. 6RQCh. 11 - In the couple described in Problem 6, the woman...
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- The chromosomes in the illustration below are found in a male betta fish and carry the gene for determining a trait in the tail of the betta fish. In betta fish, single tails are domi- nant to double tails. During meiosis, when gametes are formed, the male fish can only pass on one allele for the tail trait to each gamete. In a male fish that happens to be heterozy- gous, a gamete can only inherit the dominant allele on chromosome 1 or the dominant al- lele on chromosome 2. A An illustration of paired homologous chromosomes. B centromere с D Which of Mendel's laws best explains how the male fish can only pass on one allele to each gamete? paired homologous chromosomes Law of Independent Assortment Law of Segregation Law of Dominance chiasma Law of multiple alleles homologous chromosome 1 homologous chromosome 2arrow_forwardAssume that a meiotic-nondisjunction event causes trisomy 8 in a newborn. If two of the three copies of chromosome 8 are absolutely identical, at what point during meiosis did the nondisjunction event take place?arrow_forwardWhat is independent assortment? Does independent assortment occur during mitosis or during meiosis?arrow_forward
- Human sex chromosomes are XX for females and XY for males. a. With respect to an X-linked gene, how many different types of gametes can a male produce? b. If a female is homozygous for an X-linked allele, how many different types of gametes can she produce with respect to this allele? c. If a female is heterozygous for an X-linked allele, how many different types of gametes can she produce with respect to this allele?arrow_forwardA cell has four pairs of chromosomes. Assuming that crossing over does not occur, what is the probability that a gamete will contain all of the paternal chromosomes? If n equals the number of chromosomes in a set, which of the following expressions can be used to calculate the probability that a gamete will receive all of the paternal chromosomes: (1/2)n, (1/2)n–1, or n1/2?arrow_forwardAn individual heterozygous for a reciprocal translocation possesses the following chromosomes: A B • C D E F G A B • C D V W X R S • T U E F G R S • T U V W X Q. Diagram the alternate, adjacent-1, and adjacent-2 segregation patterns in anaphase I of meiosis.arrow_forward
- The genes F and G are on the same chromosome in a eukaryote. Using a microscope, you can see that a chiasma occurs between these two loci in 24% of the meioses. A double heterozygote could have genotype FG//fg, where the // represents the pair of homologous chromosomes that contain the F and G loci: one homolog contains F and G alleles and the other contains f and g. You cross this FG//fg individual to an fg//fg individual and examine their offspring. What proportion of the offspring do you expect to be Fg//fg? Group of answer choices 48% 6% None of these 12% 24%arrow_forwardIn the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, a recessive condition called eyeless (ey) significantly interferes with normal eye development. Eyes are either very small or absent. The ey gene is found on chromosome 4, which is the smallest of the four chromosomes in the organism. Individuals with a single copy or three copies of chromosome 4 are viable and can reproduce. A trisomic wild-type male is crossed with a disomic wild-type female: see attached image Determine the chromosome constitution and phenotypic ratios in the offspring. Assume random segregation of chromosomes into gametes.arrow_forwardBriefly illustrate how nondisjunction in meiosis can result in Down syndrome.arrow_forward
- A diploid fruitfly has 8 chromosomes. How many chromosomes are present in an individual with trisomy in Chromosome 1 and Chromosome 2? A person is born with two X chromosomes, trisomy 21 and two copies of other chromosomes. How many chromosomes are present in this individual? * A couple is planning to have three children. What is the probability of having all boys? *arrow_forwardDuring meiosis, does random assortment occur before or after crossing-over?arrow_forwardIn a diploid organism, two homologous chromosomes synapse at prophase 1 of meiosis. One of the homologous chromosomes carries a sequence of four genes named A, B, C, and D. They get capital letters because each gene is dominant. On the two chromatids of the homologous chromosome, the same sequence of genes are all recessive. They are denoted a, b, c, and d. During prophase I of meiosis, when the homologous chromosomes synapse with one another, there is a crossover between two of the non-sister chromatid. These two chromatids break between genes B and C, as shown in the diagram below. They then reattach to the non-sister chromatid. What will each of these 2 chromatids carry after they separate from their sister chromatid in meiosis 2?arrow_forward
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