Chapter 7, Problem 7.97QE

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The electronic configuration and orbital diagram of $\text{Li}$ atom have to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

The electronic configuration is defined as the distribution of electrons in various atomic orbitals of the atom. The electrons that are present in an outermost orbital are known as valence electrons whereas those present in the orbitals with lower quantum numbers are called core electrons. Electrons are filled in orbitals in accordance with three rules: Aufbau principle, Hund’s rule, and Pauli’s exclusion principle. Aufbau principle states that electrons are filled in the orbitals from lower to higher energy level as follows:

  $1s<2s<2p<3s<3p<4s<3d<4p<5s<4d<5p<6s<4f<5d<6p<7s$

Hund’s rule states that initially each orbital is singly occupied and then pairing occurs and Pauli’s exclusion principle states that the spin of two electrons in one orbital is always different.

If one or more electron is in higher allowed orbitals of the atom then this is known as the excited state of the atom. The excited state of an atom can be shown by its orbital diagram. The orbital diagram is the way to show the distribution of electrons in an atom.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The electronic configuration and orbital diagram of $\text{F}$ atom have to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a).

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The electronic configuration and orbital diagram of $\text{O}$ atom have to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a).

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The electronic configuration and orbital diagram of $\text{Ga}$ atom have to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a).