The element for the following orbital diagram has to be identified. Also, whether this orbital diagram is the ground state or excited state or impossible state of the atom has to be determined. If this orbital diagram is an excited state then the ground state orbital diagram has to be drawn. Concept Introduction: The electronic configuration is defined as the distribution of electrons in various atomic orbitals of the atom. The electrons that are present in an outermost orbital are known as valence electrons whereas those present in the orbitals with lower quantum numbers are called core electrons. Electrons are filled in orbitals in accordance with three rules: Aufbau principle, Hund’s rule, and Pauli’s exclusion principle. Aufbau principle states that electrons are filled in the orbitals from lower to higher energy level as follows: 1 s < 2 s < 2 p < 3 s < 3 p < 4 s < 3 d < 4 p < 5 s < 4 d < 5 p < 6 s < 4 f < 5 d < 6 p < 7 s Hund’s rule states that initially each orbital is singly occupied and then pairing occurs and Pauli’s exclusion principle states that the spin of two electrons in one orbital is always different. If one or more electron is in higher allowed orbitals of the atom then this is known as excited state of the atom. The excited-state of an atom is shown by the orbital diagram. The orbital diagram is the way to show the distribution of electrons in an atom.

Question

Part II. Given two isomers: 2-methylpentane (A) and 2,2-dimethyl butane (B) answer the following: (a) match structures of isomers given their mass spectra below (spectra A and spectra B) (b) Draw the fragments given the following prominent peaks from each spectrum: Spectra A m/2 =43 and 1/2-57 spectra B m/2 = 43 (c) why is 1/2=57 peak in spectrum A more intense compared to the same peak in spectrum B. Relative abundance Relative abundance 100 A 50 29 29 0 10 -0 -0 100 B 50 720 30 41 43 57 71 4-0 40 50 60 70 m/z 43 57 8-0 m/z = 86 M 90 100 71 m/z = 86 M -O 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 -88 m/z 90 100

Answer 1

Question

Chapter 7, Problem 7.101QE

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The element for the following orbital diagram has to be identified. Also, whether this orbital diagram is the ground state or excited state or impossible state of the atom has to be determined. If this orbital diagram is an excited state then the ground state orbital diagram has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

The electronic configuration is defined as the distribution of electrons in various atomic orbitals of the atom. The electrons that are present in an outermost orbital are known as valence electrons whereas those present in the orbitals with lower quantum numbers are called core electrons. Electrons are filled in orbitals in accordance with three rules: Aufbau principle, Hund’s rule, and Pauli’s exclusion principle. Aufbau principle states that electrons are filled in the orbitals from lower to higher energy level as follows:

1s<2s<2p<3s<3p<4s<3d<4p<5s<4d<5p<6s<4f<5d<6p<7s

Hund’s rule states that initially each orbital is singly occupied and then pairing occurs and Pauli’s exclusion principle states that the spin of two electrons in one orbital is always different.

If one or more electron is in higher allowed orbitals of the atom then this is known as excited state of the atom. The excited-state of an atom is shown by the orbital diagram. The orbital diagram is the way to show the distribution of electrons in an atom.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The element for the following orbital diagram has to be identified. Also, whether this orbital diagram is the ground state or excited state or impossible state of the atom has to be determined. If this orbital diagram is an excited state then the ground state orbital diagram has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a).

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The element for the following orbital diagram has to be identified. Also, whether this orbital diagram is the ground state or excited state or impossible state of the atom has to be determined. If this orbital diagram is an excited state then the ground state orbital diagram has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a).

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The element for the following orbital diagram has to be identified. Also, whether this orbital diagram is the ground state or excited state or impossible state of the atom has to be determined. If this orbital diagram is an excited state then the ground state orbital diagram has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a).

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Part II. Given two isomers: 2-methylpentane (A) and 2,2-dimethyl butane (B) answer the following: (a) match structures of isomers given their mass spectra below (spectra A and spectra B) (b) Draw the fragments given the following prominent peaks from each spectrum: Spectra A m/2 =43 and 1/2-57 spectra B m/2 = 43 (c) why is 1/2=57 peak in spectrum A more intense compared to the same peak in spectrum B. Relative abundance Relative abundance 100 A 50 29 29 0 10 -0 -0 100 B 50 720 30 41 43 57 71 4-0 40 50 60 70 m/z 43 57 8-0 m/z = 86 M 90 100 71 m/z = 86 M -O 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 -88 m/z 90 100

Part IV. C6H5 CH2CH2OH is an aromatic compound which was subjected to Electron Ionization - mass spectrometry (El-MS) analysis. Prominent m/2 values: m/2 = 104 and m/2 = 9) was obtained. Draw the structures of these fragments.

For each reaction shown below follow the curved arrows to complete each equationby showing the structure of the products. Identify the acid, the base, the conjugated acid andconjugated base. Consutl the pKa table and choose the direciton theequilibrium goes. However show the curved arrows. Please explain if possible.

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 7, Problem 7.101QE

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The element for the following orbital diagram has to be identified. Also, whether this orbital diagram is the ground state or excited state or impossible state of the atom has to be determined. If this orbital diagram is an excited state then the ground state orbital diagram has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

The electronic configuration is defined as the distribution of electrons in various atomic orbitals of the atom. The electrons that are present in an outermost orbital are known as valence electrons whereas those present in the orbitals with lower quantum numbers are called core electrons. Electrons are filled in orbitals in accordance with three rules: Aufbau principle, Hund’s rule, and Pauli’s exclusion principle. Aufbau principle states that electrons are filled in the orbitals from lower to higher energy level as follows:

1s<2s<2p<3s<3p<4s<3d<4p<5s<4d<5p<6s<4f<5d<6p<7s

Hund’s rule states that initially each orbital is singly occupied and then pairing occurs and Pauli’s exclusion principle states that the spin of two electrons in one orbital is always different.

If one or more electron is in higher allowed orbitals of the atom then this is known as excited state of the atom. The excited-state of an atom is shown by the orbital diagram. The orbital diagram is the way to show the distribution of electrons in an atom.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The element for the following orbital diagram has to be identified. Also, whether this orbital diagram is the ground state or excited state or impossible state of the atom has to be determined. If this orbital diagram is an excited state then the ground state orbital diagram has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a).

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The element for the following orbital diagram has to be identified. Also, whether this orbital diagram is the ground state or excited state or impossible state of the atom has to be determined. If this orbital diagram is an excited state then the ground state orbital diagram has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a).

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The element for the following orbital diagram has to be identified. Also, whether this orbital diagram is the ground state or excited state or impossible state of the atom has to be determined. If this orbital diagram is an excited state then the ground state orbital diagram has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a).

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 7, Problem 7.101QE

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The element for the following orbital diagram has to be identified. Also, whether this orbital diagram is the ground state or excited state or impossible state of the atom has to be determined. If this orbital diagram is an excited state then the ground state orbital diagram has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

The electronic configuration is defined as the distribution of electrons in various atomic orbitals of the atom. The electrons that are present in an outermost orbital are known as valence electrons whereas those present in the orbitals with lower quantum numbers are called core electrons. Electrons are filled in orbitals in accordance with three rules: Aufbau principle, Hund’s rule, and Pauli’s exclusion principle. Aufbau principle states that electrons are filled in the orbitals from lower to higher energy level as follows:

1s<2s<2p<3s<3p<4s<3d<4p<5s<4d<5p<6s<4f<5d<6p<7s

Hund’s rule states that initially each orbital is singly occupied and then pairing occurs and Pauli’s exclusion principle states that the spin of two electrons in one orbital is always different.

If one or more electron is in higher allowed orbitals of the atom then this is known as excited state of the atom. The excited-state of an atom is shown by the orbital diagram. The orbital diagram is the way to show the distribution of electrons in an atom.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The element for the following orbital diagram has to be identified. Also, whether this orbital diagram is the ground state or excited state or impossible state of the atom has to be determined. If this orbital diagram is an excited state then the ground state orbital diagram has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a).

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The element for the following orbital diagram has to be identified. Also, whether this orbital diagram is the ground state or excited state or impossible state of the atom has to be determined. If this orbital diagram is an excited state then the ground state orbital diagram has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a).

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The element for the following orbital diagram has to be identified. Also, whether this orbital diagram is the ground state or excited state or impossible state of the atom has to be determined. If this orbital diagram is an excited state then the ground state orbital diagram has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a).

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 7, Problem 7.101QE

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The element for the following orbital diagram has to be identified. Also, whether this orbital diagram is the ground state or excited state or impossible state of the atom has to be determined. If this orbital diagram is an excited state then the ground state orbital diagram has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

The electronic configuration is defined as the distribution of electrons in various atomic orbitals of the atom. The electrons that are present in an outermost orbital are known as valence electrons whereas those present in the orbitals with lower quantum numbers are called core electrons. Electrons are filled in orbitals in accordance with three rules: Aufbau principle, Hund’s rule, and Pauli’s exclusion principle. Aufbau principle states that electrons are filled in the orbitals from lower to higher energy level as follows:

1s<2s<2p<3s<3p<4s<3d<4p<5s<4d<5p<6s<4f<5d<6p<7s

Hund’s rule states that initially each orbital is singly occupied and then pairing occurs and Pauli’s exclusion principle states that the spin of two electrons in one orbital is always different.

If one or more electron is in higher allowed orbitals of the atom then this is known as excited state of the atom. The excited-state of an atom is shown by the orbital diagram. The orbital diagram is the way to show the distribution of electrons in an atom.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The element for the following orbital diagram has to be identified. Also, whether this orbital diagram is the ground state or excited state or impossible state of the atom has to be determined. If this orbital diagram is an excited state then the ground state orbital diagram has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a).

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The element for the following orbital diagram has to be identified. Also, whether this orbital diagram is the ground state or excited state or impossible state of the atom has to be determined. If this orbital diagram is an excited state then the ground state orbital diagram has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a).

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The element for the following orbital diagram has to be identified. Also, whether this orbital diagram is the ground state or excited state or impossible state of the atom has to be determined. If this orbital diagram is an excited state then the ground state orbital diagram has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a).

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Answer 5

Chapter 7, Problem 7.101QE

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The element for the following orbital diagram has to be identified. Also, whether this orbital diagram is the ground state or excited state or impossible state of the atom has to be determined. If this orbital diagram is an excited state then the ground state orbital diagram has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

The electronic configuration is defined as the distribution of electrons in various atomic orbitals of the atom. The electrons that are present in an outermost orbital are known as valence electrons whereas those present in the orbitals with lower quantum numbers are called core electrons. Electrons are filled in orbitals in accordance with three rules: Aufbau principle, Hund’s rule, and Pauli’s exclusion principle. Aufbau principle states that electrons are filled in the orbitals from lower to higher energy level as follows:

1s<2s<2p<3s<3p<4s<3d<4p<5s<4d<5p<6s<4f<5d<6p<7s

Hund’s rule states that initially each orbital is singly occupied and then pairing occurs and Pauli’s exclusion principle states that the spin of two electrons in one orbital is always different.

If one or more electron is in higher allowed orbitals of the atom then this is known as excited state of the atom. The excited-state of an atom is shown by the orbital diagram. The orbital diagram is the way to show the distribution of electrons in an atom.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The element for the following orbital diagram has to be identified. Also, whether this orbital diagram is the ground state or excited state or impossible state of the atom has to be determined. If this orbital diagram is an excited state then the ground state orbital diagram has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a).

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The element for the following orbital diagram has to be identified. Also, whether this orbital diagram is the ground state or excited state or impossible state of the atom has to be determined. If this orbital diagram is an excited state then the ground state orbital diagram has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a).

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The element for the following orbital diagram has to be identified. Also, whether this orbital diagram is the ground state or excited state or impossible state of the atom has to be determined. If this orbital diagram is an excited state then the ground state orbital diagram has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a).

Answer 6

Chapter 7, Problem 7.101QE

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The element for the following orbital diagram has to be identified. Also, whether this orbital diagram is the ground state or excited state or impossible state of the atom has to be determined. If this orbital diagram is an excited state then the ground state orbital diagram has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

The electronic configuration is defined as the distribution of electrons in various atomic orbitals of the atom. The electrons that are present in an outermost orbital are known as valence electrons whereas those present in the orbitals with lower quantum numbers are called core electrons. Electrons are filled in orbitals in accordance with three rules: Aufbau principle, Hund’s rule, and Pauli’s exclusion principle. Aufbau principle states that electrons are filled in the orbitals from lower to higher energy level as follows:

1s<2s<2p<3s<3p<4s<3d<4p<5s<4d<5p<6s<4f<5d<6p<7s

Hund’s rule states that initially each orbital is singly occupied and then pairing occurs and Pauli’s exclusion principle states that the spin of two electrons in one orbital is always different.

If one or more electron is in higher allowed orbitals of the atom then this is known as excited state of the atom. The excited-state of an atom is shown by the orbital diagram. The orbital diagram is the way to show the distribution of electrons in an atom.

Answer 7

Chapter 7, Problem 7.101QE

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The element for the following orbital diagram has to be identified. Also, whether this orbital diagram is the ground state or excited state or impossible state of the atom has to be determined. If this orbital diagram is an excited state then the ground state orbital diagram has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

The electronic configuration is defined as the distribution of electrons in various atomic orbitals of the atom. The electrons that are present in an outermost orbital are known as valence electrons whereas those present in the orbitals with lower quantum numbers are called core electrons. Electrons are filled in orbitals in accordance with three rules: Aufbau principle, Hund’s rule, and Pauli’s exclusion principle. Aufbau principle states that electrons are filled in the orbitals from lower to higher energy level as follows:

1s<2s<2p<3s<3p<4s<3d<4p<5s<4d<5p<6s<4f<5d<6p<7s

Hund’s rule states that initially each orbital is singly occupied and then pairing occurs and Pauli’s exclusion principle states that the spin of two electrons in one orbital is always different.

If one or more electron is in higher allowed orbitals of the atom then this is known as excited state of the atom. The excited-state of an atom is shown by the orbital diagram. The orbital diagram is the way to show the distribution of electrons in an atom.

Answer 8

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The element for the following orbital diagram has to be identified. Also, whether this orbital diagram is the ground state or excited state or impossible state of the atom has to be determined. If this orbital diagram is an excited state then the ground state orbital diagram has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a).

Answer 9

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The element for the following orbital diagram has to be identified. Also, whether this orbital diagram is the ground state or excited state or impossible state of the atom has to be determined. If this orbital diagram is an excited state then the ground state orbital diagram has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a).

Answer 10

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The element for the following orbital diagram has to be identified. Also, whether this orbital diagram is the ground state or excited state or impossible state of the atom has to be determined. If this orbital diagram is an excited state then the ground state orbital diagram has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a).

Answer 11

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The element for the following orbital diagram has to be identified. Also, whether this orbital diagram is the ground state or excited state or impossible state of the atom has to be determined. If this orbital diagram is an excited state then the ground state orbital diagram has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a).

Answer 12

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The element for the following orbital diagram has to be identified. Also, whether this orbital diagram is the ground state or excited state or impossible state of the atom has to be determined. If this orbital diagram is an excited state then the ground state orbital diagram has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a).

Answer 13

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The element for the following orbital diagram has to be identified. Also, whether this orbital diagram is the ground state or excited state or impossible state of the atom has to be determined. If this orbital diagram is an excited state then the ground state orbital diagram has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a).

Answer 14

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Answer 25

Ch. 7 - Prob. 7.1QE Ch. 7 - Prob. 7.2QE Ch. 7 - Prob. 7.3QE Ch. 7 - Prob. 7.4QE Ch. 7 - Prob. 7.5QE Ch. 7 - Prob. 7.6QE Ch. 7 - Prob. 7.7QE Ch. 7 - Prob. 7.8QE Ch. 7 - Prob. 7.9QE Ch. 7 - Prob. 7.10QE

Solution Summary: The author explains that the element for the following orbital diagram has to be identified and whether it is the ground state or excited state of the atom.

Chapter 7 Solutions