Chapter 22, Problem 42A

a.

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The general structure of an aldehyde needs to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

The functional group is the group present on the main carbon chain of an organic compound. It determines the chemical properties and the type of reactions an organic compound can show. The name of the group depends on the atoms present in the group for example an −OH group contains O and H atom thus, it is a hydroxyl group. The different functional groups are named according to IUPAC rule.

Explanation of Solution

The aldehyde functional group is −CHO. Thus, the general formula of an aldehyde will be $\text{R/H}-\text{CHO}$.

The general structure can be represented as follows:

b.

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The general structure of a ketone needs to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

The functional group is the group present on the main carbon chain of an organic compound. It determines the chemical properties and the type of reactions an organic compound can show. The name of the group depends on the atoms present in the group for example an −OH group contains O and H atom thus, it is a hydroxyl group. The different functional groups are named according to IUPAC rule.

Explanation of Solution

The ketone functional group is −CO-. Thus, the general formula of a ketone will be $\text{R}-\text{CO}-\text{R/R’}$.

The general structure can be represented as follows:

c.

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The general structure of a carboxylic acid needs to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

The functional group is the group present on the main carbon chain of an organic compound. It determines the chemical properties and the type of reactions an organic compound can show. The name of the group depends on the atoms present in the group for example an −OH group contains O and H atom thus, it is a hydroxyl group. The different functional groups are named according to IUPAC rule.

Explanation of Solution

The carboxylic acid functional group is −COOH. Thus, the general formula of a carboxylic acid will be $\text{R/H}-\text{COOH}$.

The general structure can be represented as follows:

d.

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The general structure of an ester needs to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

The functional group is the group present on the main carbon chain of an organic compound. It determines the chemical properties and the type of reactions an organic compound can show. The name of the group depends on the atoms present in the group for example an −OH group contains O and H atom thus, it is a hydroxyl group. The different functional groups are named according to IUPAC rule.

Explanation of Solution

The ester functional group is −COOR. Thus, the general formula of an ester will be $\text{R}-{\text{COOR}}^{\text{'}}$.

The general structure can be represented as follows:

e.

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The general structure of an amide needs to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

The functional group is the group present on the main carbon chain of an organic compound. It determines the chemical properties and the type of reactions an organic compound can show. The name of the group depends on the atoms present in the group for example an −OH group contains O and H atom thus, it is a hydroxyl group. The different functional groups are named according to IUPAC rule.

Explanation of Solution

The amide functional group is −CONH₂. Thus, the general formula of an amide will be $\text{R}-{\text{CONH}}_{\text{2}}$.

The general structure can be represented as follows: