
Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation:
Whether “acyl CoA is a product” in the mitochondrial matrix or in the mitochondrial intermembrane space in the carnitine shuttle system associated with the β-oxidation process has to be indicated.
Concept introduction:
The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. In these series of reactions, acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA. This pathway is termed as the β-oxidation pathway. Acetyl CoA, FADH2, and NADH are produced in this reaction.
The first stage of fatty acid oxidation is the activation of fatty acids in the outer mitochondrial membrane. The fatty acid is activated by CoA and ATP. The activated fatty acid-CoA is called acyl CoA.
The enzymes that are needed for the oxidation of fatty acid are located in the mitochondrial matrix. Acyl CoA cannot pass through the inner mitochondrial membrane to the mitochondrial matrix because it is too large. A shuttle mechanism that involves the molecule carnitine effects the entry of acyl CoA into the mitochondrial matrix.
(b)
Interpretation:
Whether “acyl carnitine enters the inner mitochondrial membrane” in the mitochondrial matrix or in the mitochondrial intermembrane space in the carnitine shuttle system associated with the β-oxidation process has to be indicated.
Concept introduction:
The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. In these series of reactions, acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA. This pathway is termed as the β-oxidation pathway. Acetyl CoA, FADH2, and NADH are produced in this reaction.
The enzymes that are needed for the oxidation of fatty acid are located in the mitochondrial matrix. Acyl CoA cannot pass through the inner mitochondrial membrane to the mitochondrial matrix because it is too large. A shuttle mechanism that involves the molecule carnitine effects the entry of acyl CoA into the mitochondrial matrix.
(c)
Interpretation:
Whether “acyl carnitine is converted to carnitine” in the mitochondrial matrix or in the mitochondrial intermembrane space in the carnitine shuttle system associated with the β-oxidation process has to be indicated.
Concept introduction:
The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. In these series of reactions, acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA. This pathway is termed as the β-oxidation pathway. Acetyl CoA, FADH2, and NADH are produced in this reaction.
The enzymes that are needed for the oxidation of fatty acid are located in the mitochondrial matrix. Acyl CoA cannot pass through the inner mitochondrial membrane to the mitochondrial matrix because it is too large. A shuttle mechanism that involves the molecule carnitine effects the entry of acyl CoA into the mitochondrial matrix.
(d)
Interpretation:
Whether “coenzyme A is a product” in the mitochondrial matrix or in the mitochondrial intermembrane space in the carnitine shuttle system associated with the β-oxidation process has to be indicated.
Concept introduction:
The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. In these series of reactions, acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA. This pathway is termed as the β-oxidation pathway. Acetyl CoA, FADH2, and NADH are produced in this reaction.
The enzymes that are needed for the oxidation of fatty acid are located in the mitochondrial matrix. Acyl CoA cannot pass through the inner mitochondrial membrane to the mitochondrial matrix because it is too large. A shuttle mechanism that involves the molecule carnitine effects the entry of acyl CoA into the mitochondrial matrix.

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Chapter 14 Solutions
Organic And Biological Chemistry
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