Whether or not cholesterol produced from acetyl CoA (1) can be produced in a one-step process, (2) can be produced in a multistep process, or (3) cannot be produced from acetyl CoA has to be indicated. Concept introduction: Fatty acids are molecules that are long hydrocarbon chain of carboxylic acid . They are building blocks of fat in humans and animals. The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. In these series of reactions, acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA. This pathway is termed as the β-oxidation pathway. Acetyl CoA, FADH 2 , and NADH are produced in this reaction. Cholesterol is an important component of cell membranes. It is used as the precursor for sex hormones, bile salts, and adrenal hormones. The biosynthesis of cholesterol occurs in the liver. It is a C 27 molecule. The structure of cholesterol is as follows:

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Answer 1

Question

Definition Definition Class of organic compounds that contain a carboxyl group ( - COOH ) and has a general formula R - COOH or R - CO 2 H , where R refers to the alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, or other groups. They can undergo different chemical reactions, such as acid-base reactions, esterification, and oxidation. These are essential components of living organisms, playing important roles in metabolic processes, signaling, and as pharmaceuticals.

Chapter 14, Problem 14.109EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether or not cholesterol produced from acetyl CoA (1) can be produced in a one-step process, (2) can be produced in a multistep process, or (3) cannot be produced from acetyl CoA has to be indicated.

Concept introduction:

Fatty acids are molecules that are long hydrocarbon chain of carboxylic acid. They are building blocks of fat in humans and animals.

The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. In these series of reactions, acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA. This pathway is termed as the β-oxidation pathway. Acetyl CoA, FADH₂, and NADH are produced in this reaction.

Cholesterol is an important component of cell membranes. It is used as the precursor for sex hormones, bile salts, and adrenal hormones. The biosynthesis of cholesterol occurs in the liver. It is a C₂₇ molecule. The structure of cholesterol is as follows:

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether or not acetoacetyl CoA produced from acetyl CoA (1) can be produced in a one-step process, (2) can be produced in a multistep process, or (3) cannot be produced from acetyl CoA has to be indicated.

Concept introduction:

Fatty acids are molecules that are long hydrocarbon chain of carboxylic acid. They are building blocks of fat in humans and animals.

The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. In these series of reactions, acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA. This pathway is termed as the β-oxidation pathway. Acetyl CoA, FADH₂, and NADH are produced in this reaction.

Ketogenesis is a metabolic process by which ketone bodies are produced by the breakdown of fatty acids and ketogenic amino acids. This metabolic process supplies organs with needed energy under certain circumstances such as starvation. Fatty acid molecules degrade into acetyl CoA which are utilized as reactants in the process of ketogenesis. Acetyl CoA undergoes the process of condensation twice, followed by chain

cleavage and hydrogenation to produce ketone bodies.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether or not malonyl CoA produced from acetyl CoA (1) can be produced in a one-step process, (2) can be produced in a multistep process, or (3) cannot be produced from acetyl CoA has to be indicated.

Concept introduction:

Fatty acids are molecules that are long hydrocarbon chain of carboxylic acid. They are building blocks of fat in humans and animals.

The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. In these series of reactions, acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA. This pathway is termed as theβ-oxidation pathway. Acetyl CoA, FADH₂, and NADH are produced in this reaction.

Lipogenesis is the process employed for the synthesis of fatty acid. The starting precursor for the synthesis is acetyl CoA. The enzyme employed for the process is fatty acid synthase. It is a multienzyme complex that ties the reaction responsible for the synthesis of fatty acid.

A cyclic process occurs in the enzyme fatty acid synthase. One turn of this cyclic process

constitutes four reactions. The various intermediates formed in the process are associated

with a carrier protein known as ACP.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether or not pyruvate produced from acetyl CoA (1) can be produced in a one-step process, (2) can be produced in a multistep process, or (3) cannot be produced from acetyl CoA has to be indicated.

Concept introduction:

Fatty acids are molecules that are long hydrocarbon chain of carboxylic acid. They are building blocks of fat in humans and animals.

The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. In these series of reactions, acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA. This pathway is termed as the β-oxidation pathway. Acetyl CoA, FADH₂, and NADH are produced in this reaction.

Pyruvate is the end product in the glycolysis. In the presence of oxygen, pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA by the involvement of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex enzymes in the human body.

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Using the general properties of equilibrium constants At a certain temperature, the equilibrium constant K for the following reaction is 0.84: H2(g) + 2(g) 2 HI(g) = Use this information to complete the following table. Suppose a 34. L reaction vessel is filled with 0.79 mol of HI. What can you say about the composition of the mixture in the vessel at equilibrium? There will be very little H2 and 12. ☐ x10 There will be very little HI. Neither of the above is true. What is the equilibrium constant for the following reaction? Be sure your answer has the correct number of significant digits. 2 HI(g) H₂(9)+12(9) K = What is the equilibrium constant for the following reaction? Be sure your answer has the correct number of significant digits. 2 H2(g)+212(9) 4 HI(g) K = ☐ ☑

Predicting the qualitative acid-base properties of salts Consider the following data on some weak acids and weak bases: base acid Κα Kb name formula name formula hydrocyanic acid - 10 HCN 4.9 × 10 pyridine C₂H₂N 1.7 × 10 9 acetic acid HCH3CO2 1.8 × 10 5 hydroxylamine HONH2 1.1 × 10¯ 8 Use this data to rank the following solutions in order of increasing pH. In other words, select a '1' next to the solution that will have the lowest pH, a '2' next to the solution that will have the next lowest pH, and so on. 0.1 M KCN solution pH choose one ✓ 0.1 M C5H5NHCI choose one ✓ 0.1 M NaCH3CO2 choose one ✓ 0.1 M HONH3Br ✓ choose one 1 (lowest) 2 3 4 (highest)

For this question please solve the first question. Please explain your thought process, the steps you took, and how you would tackle a similar problem. Thank you for your help!

Answer 2

Question

Definition Definition Class of organic compounds that contain a carboxyl group ( - COOH ) and has a general formula R - COOH or R - CO 2 H , where R refers to the alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, or other groups. They can undergo different chemical reactions, such as acid-base reactions, esterification, and oxidation. These are essential components of living organisms, playing important roles in metabolic processes, signaling, and as pharmaceuticals.

Chapter 14, Problem 14.109EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether or not cholesterol produced from acetyl CoA (1) can be produced in a one-step process, (2) can be produced in a multistep process, or (3) cannot be produced from acetyl CoA has to be indicated.

Concept introduction:

Fatty acids are molecules that are long hydrocarbon chain of carboxylic acid. They are building blocks of fat in humans and animals.

The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. In these series of reactions, acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA. This pathway is termed as the β-oxidation pathway. Acetyl CoA, FADH₂, and NADH are produced in this reaction.

Cholesterol is an important component of cell membranes. It is used as the precursor for sex hormones, bile salts, and adrenal hormones. The biosynthesis of cholesterol occurs in the liver. It is a C₂₇ molecule. The structure of cholesterol is as follows:

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether or not acetoacetyl CoA produced from acetyl CoA (1) can be produced in a one-step process, (2) can be produced in a multistep process, or (3) cannot be produced from acetyl CoA has to be indicated.

Concept introduction:

Fatty acids are molecules that are long hydrocarbon chain of carboxylic acid. They are building blocks of fat in humans and animals.

The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. In these series of reactions, acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA. This pathway is termed as the β-oxidation pathway. Acetyl CoA, FADH₂, and NADH are produced in this reaction.

Ketogenesis is a metabolic process by which ketone bodies are produced by the breakdown of fatty acids and ketogenic amino acids. This metabolic process supplies organs with needed energy under certain circumstances such as starvation. Fatty acid molecules degrade into acetyl CoA which are utilized as reactants in the process of ketogenesis. Acetyl CoA undergoes the process of condensation twice, followed by chain

cleavage and hydrogenation to produce ketone bodies.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether or not malonyl CoA produced from acetyl CoA (1) can be produced in a one-step process, (2) can be produced in a multistep process, or (3) cannot be produced from acetyl CoA has to be indicated.

Concept introduction:

Fatty acids are molecules that are long hydrocarbon chain of carboxylic acid. They are building blocks of fat in humans and animals.

The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. In these series of reactions, acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA. This pathway is termed as theβ-oxidation pathway. Acetyl CoA, FADH₂, and NADH are produced in this reaction.

Lipogenesis is the process employed for the synthesis of fatty acid. The starting precursor for the synthesis is acetyl CoA. The enzyme employed for the process is fatty acid synthase. It is a multienzyme complex that ties the reaction responsible for the synthesis of fatty acid.

A cyclic process occurs in the enzyme fatty acid synthase. One turn of this cyclic process

constitutes four reactions. The various intermediates formed in the process are associated

with a carrier protein known as ACP.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether or not pyruvate produced from acetyl CoA (1) can be produced in a one-step process, (2) can be produced in a multistep process, or (3) cannot be produced from acetyl CoA has to be indicated.

Concept introduction:

Fatty acids are molecules that are long hydrocarbon chain of carboxylic acid. They are building blocks of fat in humans and animals.

The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. In these series of reactions, acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA. This pathway is termed as the β-oxidation pathway. Acetyl CoA, FADH₂, and NADH are produced in this reaction.

Pyruvate is the end product in the glycolysis. In the presence of oxygen, pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA by the involvement of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex enzymes in the human body.

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Check out a sample textbook solution

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Answer 3

Question

Definition Definition Class of organic compounds that contain a carboxyl group ( - COOH ) and has a general formula R - COOH or R - CO 2 H , where R refers to the alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, or other groups. They can undergo different chemical reactions, such as acid-base reactions, esterification, and oxidation. These are essential components of living organisms, playing important roles in metabolic processes, signaling, and as pharmaceuticals.

Chapter 14, Problem 14.109EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether or not cholesterol produced from acetyl CoA (1) can be produced in a one-step process, (2) can be produced in a multistep process, or (3) cannot be produced from acetyl CoA has to be indicated.

Concept introduction:

Fatty acids are molecules that are long hydrocarbon chain of carboxylic acid. They are building blocks of fat in humans and animals.

The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. In these series of reactions, acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA. This pathway is termed as the β-oxidation pathway. Acetyl CoA, FADH₂, and NADH are produced in this reaction.

Cholesterol is an important component of cell membranes. It is used as the precursor for sex hormones, bile salts, and adrenal hormones. The biosynthesis of cholesterol occurs in the liver. It is a C₂₇ molecule. The structure of cholesterol is as follows:

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether or not acetoacetyl CoA produced from acetyl CoA (1) can be produced in a one-step process, (2) can be produced in a multistep process, or (3) cannot be produced from acetyl CoA has to be indicated.

Concept introduction:

Fatty acids are molecules that are long hydrocarbon chain of carboxylic acid. They are building blocks of fat in humans and animals.

The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. In these series of reactions, acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA. This pathway is termed as the β-oxidation pathway. Acetyl CoA, FADH₂, and NADH are produced in this reaction.

Ketogenesis is a metabolic process by which ketone bodies are produced by the breakdown of fatty acids and ketogenic amino acids. This metabolic process supplies organs with needed energy under certain circumstances such as starvation. Fatty acid molecules degrade into acetyl CoA which are utilized as reactants in the process of ketogenesis. Acetyl CoA undergoes the process of condensation twice, followed by chain

cleavage and hydrogenation to produce ketone bodies.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether or not malonyl CoA produced from acetyl CoA (1) can be produced in a one-step process, (2) can be produced in a multistep process, or (3) cannot be produced from acetyl CoA has to be indicated.

Concept introduction:

Fatty acids are molecules that are long hydrocarbon chain of carboxylic acid. They are building blocks of fat in humans and animals.

The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. In these series of reactions, acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA. This pathway is termed as theβ-oxidation pathway. Acetyl CoA, FADH₂, and NADH are produced in this reaction.

Lipogenesis is the process employed for the synthesis of fatty acid. The starting precursor for the synthesis is acetyl CoA. The enzyme employed for the process is fatty acid synthase. It is a multienzyme complex that ties the reaction responsible for the synthesis of fatty acid.

A cyclic process occurs in the enzyme fatty acid synthase. One turn of this cyclic process

constitutes four reactions. The various intermediates formed in the process are associated

with a carrier protein known as ACP.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether or not pyruvate produced from acetyl CoA (1) can be produced in a one-step process, (2) can be produced in a multistep process, or (3) cannot be produced from acetyl CoA has to be indicated.

Concept introduction:

Fatty acids are molecules that are long hydrocarbon chain of carboxylic acid. They are building blocks of fat in humans and animals.

The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. In these series of reactions, acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA. This pathway is termed as the β-oxidation pathway. Acetyl CoA, FADH₂, and NADH are produced in this reaction.

Pyruvate is the end product in the glycolysis. In the presence of oxygen, pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA by the involvement of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex enzymes in the human body.

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Check out a sample textbook solution

See solution

Answer 4

Question

Definition Definition Class of organic compounds that contain a carboxyl group ( - COOH ) and has a general formula R - COOH or R - CO 2 H , where R refers to the alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, or other groups. They can undergo different chemical reactions, such as acid-base reactions, esterification, and oxidation. These are essential components of living organisms, playing important roles in metabolic processes, signaling, and as pharmaceuticals.

Chapter 14, Problem 14.109EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether or not cholesterol produced from acetyl CoA (1) can be produced in a one-step process, (2) can be produced in a multistep process, or (3) cannot be produced from acetyl CoA has to be indicated.

Concept introduction:

Fatty acids are molecules that are long hydrocarbon chain of carboxylic acid. They are building blocks of fat in humans and animals.

The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. In these series of reactions, acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA. This pathway is termed as the β-oxidation pathway. Acetyl CoA, FADH₂, and NADH are produced in this reaction.

Cholesterol is an important component of cell membranes. It is used as the precursor for sex hormones, bile salts, and adrenal hormones. The biosynthesis of cholesterol occurs in the liver. It is a C₂₇ molecule. The structure of cholesterol is as follows:

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether or not acetoacetyl CoA produced from acetyl CoA (1) can be produced in a one-step process, (2) can be produced in a multistep process, or (3) cannot be produced from acetyl CoA has to be indicated.

Concept introduction:

Fatty acids are molecules that are long hydrocarbon chain of carboxylic acid. They are building blocks of fat in humans and animals.

The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. In these series of reactions, acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA. This pathway is termed as the β-oxidation pathway. Acetyl CoA, FADH₂, and NADH are produced in this reaction.

Ketogenesis is a metabolic process by which ketone bodies are produced by the breakdown of fatty acids and ketogenic amino acids. This metabolic process supplies organs with needed energy under certain circumstances such as starvation. Fatty acid molecules degrade into acetyl CoA which are utilized as reactants in the process of ketogenesis. Acetyl CoA undergoes the process of condensation twice, followed by chain

cleavage and hydrogenation to produce ketone bodies.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether or not malonyl CoA produced from acetyl CoA (1) can be produced in a one-step process, (2) can be produced in a multistep process, or (3) cannot be produced from acetyl CoA has to be indicated.

Concept introduction:

Fatty acids are molecules that are long hydrocarbon chain of carboxylic acid. They are building blocks of fat in humans and animals.

The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. In these series of reactions, acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA. This pathway is termed as theβ-oxidation pathway. Acetyl CoA, FADH₂, and NADH are produced in this reaction.

Lipogenesis is the process employed for the synthesis of fatty acid. The starting precursor for the synthesis is acetyl CoA. The enzyme employed for the process is fatty acid synthase. It is a multienzyme complex that ties the reaction responsible for the synthesis of fatty acid.

A cyclic process occurs in the enzyme fatty acid synthase. One turn of this cyclic process

constitutes four reactions. The various intermediates formed in the process are associated

with a carrier protein known as ACP.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether or not pyruvate produced from acetyl CoA (1) can be produced in a one-step process, (2) can be produced in a multistep process, or (3) cannot be produced from acetyl CoA has to be indicated.

Concept introduction:

Fatty acids are molecules that are long hydrocarbon chain of carboxylic acid. They are building blocks of fat in humans and animals.

The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. In these series of reactions, acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA. This pathway is termed as the β-oxidation pathway. Acetyl CoA, FADH₂, and NADH are produced in this reaction.

Pyruvate is the end product in the glycolysis. In the presence of oxygen, pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA by the involvement of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex enzymes in the human body.

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Check out a sample textbook solution

See solution

Answer 5

Chapter 14, Problem 14.109EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether or not cholesterol produced from acetyl CoA (1) can be produced in a one-step process, (2) can be produced in a multistep process, or (3) cannot be produced from acetyl CoA has to be indicated.

Concept introduction:

Fatty acids are molecules that are long hydrocarbon chain of carboxylic acid. They are building blocks of fat in humans and animals.

The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. In these series of reactions, acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA. This pathway is termed as the β-oxidation pathway. Acetyl CoA, FADH₂, and NADH are produced in this reaction.

Cholesterol is an important component of cell membranes. It is used as the precursor for sex hormones, bile salts, and adrenal hormones. The biosynthesis of cholesterol occurs in the liver. It is a C₂₇ molecule. The structure of cholesterol is as follows:

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether or not acetoacetyl CoA produced from acetyl CoA (1) can be produced in a one-step process, (2) can be produced in a multistep process, or (3) cannot be produced from acetyl CoA has to be indicated.

Concept introduction:

Fatty acids are molecules that are long hydrocarbon chain of carboxylic acid. They are building blocks of fat in humans and animals.

The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. In these series of reactions, acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA. This pathway is termed as the β-oxidation pathway. Acetyl CoA, FADH₂, and NADH are produced in this reaction.

Ketogenesis is a metabolic process by which ketone bodies are produced by the breakdown of fatty acids and ketogenic amino acids. This metabolic process supplies organs with needed energy under certain circumstances such as starvation. Fatty acid molecules degrade into acetyl CoA which are utilized as reactants in the process of ketogenesis. Acetyl CoA undergoes the process of condensation twice, followed by chain

cleavage and hydrogenation to produce ketone bodies.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether or not malonyl CoA produced from acetyl CoA (1) can be produced in a one-step process, (2) can be produced in a multistep process, or (3) cannot be produced from acetyl CoA has to be indicated.

Concept introduction:

Fatty acids are molecules that are long hydrocarbon chain of carboxylic acid. They are building blocks of fat in humans and animals.

The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. In these series of reactions, acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA. This pathway is termed as theβ-oxidation pathway. Acetyl CoA, FADH₂, and NADH are produced in this reaction.

Lipogenesis is the process employed for the synthesis of fatty acid. The starting precursor for the synthesis is acetyl CoA. The enzyme employed for the process is fatty acid synthase. It is a multienzyme complex that ties the reaction responsible for the synthesis of fatty acid.

A cyclic process occurs in the enzyme fatty acid synthase. One turn of this cyclic process

constitutes four reactions. The various intermediates formed in the process are associated

with a carrier protein known as ACP.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether or not pyruvate produced from acetyl CoA (1) can be produced in a one-step process, (2) can be produced in a multistep process, or (3) cannot be produced from acetyl CoA has to be indicated.

Concept introduction:

Fatty acids are molecules that are long hydrocarbon chain of carboxylic acid. They are building blocks of fat in humans and animals.

The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. In these series of reactions, acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA. This pathway is termed as the β-oxidation pathway. Acetyl CoA, FADH₂, and NADH are produced in this reaction.

Pyruvate is the end product in the glycolysis. In the presence of oxygen, pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA by the involvement of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex enzymes in the human body.

Answer 6

Chapter 14, Problem 14.109EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether or not cholesterol produced from acetyl CoA (1) can be produced in a one-step process, (2) can be produced in a multistep process, or (3) cannot be produced from acetyl CoA has to be indicated.

Concept introduction:

Fatty acids are molecules that are long hydrocarbon chain of carboxylic acid. They are building blocks of fat in humans and animals.

The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. In these series of reactions, acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA. This pathway is termed as the β-oxidation pathway. Acetyl CoA, FADH₂, and NADH are produced in this reaction.

Cholesterol is an important component of cell membranes. It is used as the precursor for sex hormones, bile salts, and adrenal hormones. The biosynthesis of cholesterol occurs in the liver. It is a C₂₇ molecule. The structure of cholesterol is as follows:

Answer 7

Chapter 14, Problem 14.109EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether or not cholesterol produced from acetyl CoA (1) can be produced in a one-step process, (2) can be produced in a multistep process, or (3) cannot be produced from acetyl CoA has to be indicated.

Concept introduction:

Fatty acids are molecules that are long hydrocarbon chain of carboxylic acid. They are building blocks of fat in humans and animals.

The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. In these series of reactions, acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA. This pathway is termed as the β-oxidation pathway. Acetyl CoA, FADH₂, and NADH are produced in this reaction.

Cholesterol is an important component of cell membranes. It is used as the precursor for sex hormones, bile salts, and adrenal hormones. The biosynthesis of cholesterol occurs in the liver. It is a C₂₇ molecule. The structure of cholesterol is as follows:

Answer 8

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether or not acetoacetyl CoA produced from acetyl CoA (1) can be produced in a one-step process, (2) can be produced in a multistep process, or (3) cannot be produced from acetyl CoA has to be indicated.

Concept introduction:

Fatty acids are molecules that are long hydrocarbon chain of carboxylic acid. They are building blocks of fat in humans and animals.

The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. In these series of reactions, acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA. This pathway is termed as the β-oxidation pathway. Acetyl CoA, FADH₂, and NADH are produced in this reaction.

Ketogenesis is a metabolic process by which ketone bodies are produced by the breakdown of fatty acids and ketogenic amino acids. This metabolic process supplies organs with needed energy under certain circumstances such as starvation. Fatty acid molecules degrade into acetyl CoA which are utilized as reactants in the process of ketogenesis. Acetyl CoA undergoes the process of condensation twice, followed by chain

cleavage and hydrogenation to produce ketone bodies.

Answer 9

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether or not acetoacetyl CoA produced from acetyl CoA (1) can be produced in a one-step process, (2) can be produced in a multistep process, or (3) cannot be produced from acetyl CoA has to be indicated.

Concept introduction:

Fatty acids are molecules that are long hydrocarbon chain of carboxylic acid. They are building blocks of fat in humans and animals.

The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. In these series of reactions, acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA. This pathway is termed as the β-oxidation pathway. Acetyl CoA, FADH₂, and NADH are produced in this reaction.

Ketogenesis is a metabolic process by which ketone bodies are produced by the breakdown of fatty acids and ketogenic amino acids. This metabolic process supplies organs with needed energy under certain circumstances such as starvation. Fatty acid molecules degrade into acetyl CoA which are utilized as reactants in the process of ketogenesis. Acetyl CoA undergoes the process of condensation twice, followed by chain

cleavage and hydrogenation to produce ketone bodies.

Answer 10

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether or not malonyl CoA produced from acetyl CoA (1) can be produced in a one-step process, (2) can be produced in a multistep process, or (3) cannot be produced from acetyl CoA has to be indicated.

Concept introduction:

Fatty acids are molecules that are long hydrocarbon chain of carboxylic acid. They are building blocks of fat in humans and animals.

The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. In these series of reactions, acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA. This pathway is termed as theβ-oxidation pathway. Acetyl CoA, FADH₂, and NADH are produced in this reaction.

Lipogenesis is the process employed for the synthesis of fatty acid. The starting precursor for the synthesis is acetyl CoA. The enzyme employed for the process is fatty acid synthase. It is a multienzyme complex that ties the reaction responsible for the synthesis of fatty acid.

A cyclic process occurs in the enzyme fatty acid synthase. One turn of this cyclic process

constitutes four reactions. The various intermediates formed in the process are associated

with a carrier protein known as ACP.

Answer 11

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether or not malonyl CoA produced from acetyl CoA (1) can be produced in a one-step process, (2) can be produced in a multistep process, or (3) cannot be produced from acetyl CoA has to be indicated.

Concept introduction:

Fatty acids are molecules that are long hydrocarbon chain of carboxylic acid. They are building blocks of fat in humans and animals.

The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. In these series of reactions, acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA. This pathway is termed as theβ-oxidation pathway. Acetyl CoA, FADH₂, and NADH are produced in this reaction.

Lipogenesis is the process employed for the synthesis of fatty acid. The starting precursor for the synthesis is acetyl CoA. The enzyme employed for the process is fatty acid synthase. It is a multienzyme complex that ties the reaction responsible for the synthesis of fatty acid.

A cyclic process occurs in the enzyme fatty acid synthase. One turn of this cyclic process

constitutes four reactions. The various intermediates formed in the process are associated

with a carrier protein known as ACP.

Answer 12

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether or not pyruvate produced from acetyl CoA (1) can be produced in a one-step process, (2) can be produced in a multistep process, or (3) cannot be produced from acetyl CoA has to be indicated.

Concept introduction:

Fatty acids are molecules that are long hydrocarbon chain of carboxylic acid. They are building blocks of fat in humans and animals.

The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. In these series of reactions, acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA. This pathway is termed as the β-oxidation pathway. Acetyl CoA, FADH₂, and NADH are produced in this reaction.

Pyruvate is the end product in the glycolysis. In the presence of oxygen, pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA by the involvement of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex enzymes in the human body.

Answer 13

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether or not pyruvate produced from acetyl CoA (1) can be produced in a one-step process, (2) can be produced in a multistep process, or (3) cannot be produced from acetyl CoA has to be indicated.

Concept introduction:

Fatty acids are molecules that are long hydrocarbon chain of carboxylic acid. They are building blocks of fat in humans and animals.

The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. In these series of reactions, acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA. This pathway is termed as the β-oxidation pathway. Acetyl CoA, FADH₂, and NADH are produced in this reaction.

Pyruvate is the end product in the glycolysis. In the presence of oxygen, pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA by the involvement of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex enzymes in the human body.

Answer 14

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Answer 15

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Answer 17

Ch. 14.1 - Which of the following statements about digestion...Ch. 14.1 - Prob. 2QQ Ch. 14.1 - The major function of bile released during...Ch. 14.1 - The two major products of triacylglycerol...Ch. 14.1 - Prob. 5QQ Ch. 14.2 - Hormone-sensitive lipase needed for...Ch. 14.2 - Prob. 2QQ Ch. 14.2 - Which of the following is not a product of...Ch. 14.3 - Prob. 1QQ Ch. 14.3 - What is the intermediate compound in the two-step...

Solution Summary: The author explains that acetoacetyl CoA can be produced in a one-step process, or in multistep processes. The biosynthesis of cholesterol occurs in the liver.

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