
Concept explainers
Interpretation:
The oxidizing or reducing agents that would be used to carry out each of the given transformation is to be determined.
Concept introduction:
Swern oxidation reaction converts primary and secondary alcohols into
Reduction of carbonyl compounds to hydrocarbons is achieved by treating carbonyl compounds with lithium aluminum hydride
Sodium borohydride
Chromic acid oxidation: Oxidation of primary alcohols to aldehydes and use of hydronium (aqueous medium) to further oxidize the aldehydes to
Pyridinium Chlorochromate (PPC): PPC is formed from pyridine, hydrochloric acid, and chromium oxide. This allows for controlled oxidation since this reaction takes place in anhydrous conditions.
Potassium permanganate: It is a strong oxidation agent that converts the primary alcohols and aldehydes to their corresponding carboxylic acids. It converts secondary alcohols to ketones. This is not a controlled reaction since the reaction occurs in aqueous medium.
When oxidation takes place, the hydrogen atom attached to the oxygen atom is removed to form aldehydes from alcohols or form carboxylic acids from aldehydes. Compounds with no hydrogen atom attached to oxygen cannot be oxidized using Swern oxidation. Examples of such compounds are tertiary alcohols and ethers.

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Chapter 12 Solutions
Organic Chemistry
- Calculate the pH and the pOH of each of the following solutions at 25 °C for which the substances ionize completely: (a) 0.000259 M HClO4arrow_forwardWhat is the pH of a 1.0 L buffer made with 0.300 mol of HF (Ka = 6.8 × 10⁻⁴) and 0.200 mol of NaF to which 0.160 mol of NaOH were added?arrow_forwardDetermine if the following salt is neutral, acidic or basic. If acidic or basic, write the appropriate equilibrium equation for the acid or base that exists when the salt is dissolved in aqueous solution. If neutral, simply write only NR. Be sure to include the proper phases for all species within the reaction. NaN₃arrow_forward
- A. Draw the structure of each of the following alcohols. Then draw and name the product you would expect to produce by the oxidation of each. a. 4-Methyl-2-heptanol b. 3,4-Dimethyl-1-pentanol c. 4-Ethyl-2-heptanol d. 5,7-Dichloro-3-heptanolarrow_forwardWhat is the pH of a 1.0 L buffer made with 0.300 mol of HF (Ka = 6.8 × 10⁻⁴) and 0.200 mol of NaF to which 0.160 mol of NaOH were added?arrow_forwardCan I please get help with this.arrow_forward
- Determine if the following salt is neutral, acidic or basic. If acidic or basic, write the appropriate equilibrium equation for the acid or base that exists when the salt is dissolved in aqueous solution. If neutral, simply write only NR. Be sure to include the proper phases for all species within the reaction. N₂H₅ClO₄arrow_forwardPlease help me with identifying these.arrow_forwardCan I please get help with this?arrow_forward
- Organic ChemistryChemistryISBN:9781305580350Author:William H. Brown, Brent L. Iverson, Eric Anslyn, Christopher S. FootePublisher:Cengage LearningChemistry: Matter and ChangeChemistryISBN:9780078746376Author:Dinah Zike, Laurel Dingrando, Nicholas Hainen, Cheryl WistromPublisher:Glencoe/McGraw-Hill School Pub Co

