Accomplishment of each of the given transformations is to be shown. Concept introduction: Swern Oxidation converts primary and secondary alcohols into aldehydes and ketones , respectively. The catalyst used is DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide), oxalyl chloride in triethylamine (organic base). Reduction of alkyl halides to hydrocarbons is achieved by treating alkyl halides with lithium aluminum hydride ( LiAlH 4 ) . Chromic acid oxidation: Oxidation of primary alcohols to aldehydes and use of hydronium (aqueous medium) to further oxidize the aldehydes to carboxylic acids is achieved by chromic acid and water. Secondary alcohols are oxidized into ketones and no further reaction is involved, since there are no hydrogens attached to the oxygen to be removed. Pyridinium Chlorochromate (PPC): PPC is formed from pyridine, hydrochloric acid and chromium oxide. This allows for controlled oxidation since this reaction takes place in anhydrous conditions. Potassium Permanganate: Potassium permanganate is a strong oxidizing agent. It converts the primary alcohols and aldehydes to their corresponding carboxylic acids. It converts secondary alcohols to ketones. This is not a controlled reaction since the reaction occurs in aqueous medium. When an oxidation takes place, the hydrogen atom attached to the oxygen atom is removed to form aldehydes from alcohols, or to form carboxylic acids from aldehydes. Compounds with no hydrogen attached to oxygen cannot be oxidized using Swern oxidation. Examples of such compounds are tertiary alcohols and ethers.

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Definition Definition Class of organic compounds that contain a carboxyl group ( - COOH ) and has a general formula R - COOH or R - CO 2 H , where R refers to the alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, or other groups. They can undergo different chemical reactions, such as acid-base reactions, esterification, and oxidation. These are essential components of living organisms, playing important roles in metabolic processes, signaling, and as pharmaceuticals.

Chapter 12, Problem 3PP

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Accomplishment of each of the given transformations is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Swern Oxidation converts primary and secondary alcohols into aldehydes and ketones, respectively. The catalyst used is DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide), oxalyl chloride in triethylamine (organic base).

Reduction of alkyl halides to hydrocarbons is achieved by treating alkyl halides with lithium aluminum hydride (LiAlH4).

Chromic acid oxidation: Oxidation of primary alcohols to aldehydes and use of hydronium (aqueous medium) to further oxidize the aldehydes to carboxylic acids is achieved by chromic acid and water. Secondary alcohols are oxidized into ketones and no further reaction is involved, since there are no hydrogens attached to the oxygen to be removed.

Pyridinium Chlorochromate (PPC): PPC is formed from pyridine, hydrochloric acid and chromium oxide. This allows for controlled oxidation since this reaction takes place in anhydrous conditions.

Potassium Permanganate: Potassium permanganate is a strong oxidizing agent. It converts the primary alcohols and aldehydes to their corresponding carboxylic acids. It converts secondary alcohols to ketones. This is not a controlled reaction since the reaction occurs in aqueous medium.

When an oxidation takes place, the hydrogen atom attached to the oxygen atom is removed to form aldehydes from alcohols, or to form carboxylic acids from aldehydes. Compounds with no hydrogen attached to oxygen cannot be oxidized using Swern oxidation. Examples of such compounds are tertiary alcohols and ethers.

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> You are trying to decide if there is a single reagent you can add that will make the following synthesis possible without any other major side products: 1. ☑ CI 2. H3O+ O Draw the missing reagent X you think will make this synthesis work in the drawing area below. If there is no reagent that will make your desired product in good yield or without complications, just check the box under the drawing area and leave it blank. Click and drag to start drawing a structure. Explanation Check ? DO 18 Ar B © 2025 McGraw Hill LLC. All Rights Reserved. Terms of Use | Privacy Center | Accessibility

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Consider a solution of 0.00304 moles of 4-nitrobenzoic acid (pKa = 3.442) dissolved in 25 mL water and titrated with 0.0991 M NaOH. Calculate the pH at the equivalence point

Answer 2

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Definition Definition Class of organic compounds that contain a carboxyl group ( - COOH ) and has a general formula R - COOH or R - CO 2 H , where R refers to the alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, or other groups. They can undergo different chemical reactions, such as acid-base reactions, esterification, and oxidation. These are essential components of living organisms, playing important roles in metabolic processes, signaling, and as pharmaceuticals.

Chapter 12, Problem 3PP

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Accomplishment of each of the given transformations is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Swern Oxidation converts primary and secondary alcohols into aldehydes and ketones, respectively. The catalyst used is DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide), oxalyl chloride in triethylamine (organic base).

Reduction of alkyl halides to hydrocarbons is achieved by treating alkyl halides with lithium aluminum hydride (LiAlH4).

Chromic acid oxidation: Oxidation of primary alcohols to aldehydes and use of hydronium (aqueous medium) to further oxidize the aldehydes to carboxylic acids is achieved by chromic acid and water. Secondary alcohols are oxidized into ketones and no further reaction is involved, since there are no hydrogens attached to the oxygen to be removed.

Pyridinium Chlorochromate (PPC): PPC is formed from pyridine, hydrochloric acid and chromium oxide. This allows for controlled oxidation since this reaction takes place in anhydrous conditions.

Potassium Permanganate: Potassium permanganate is a strong oxidizing agent. It converts the primary alcohols and aldehydes to their corresponding carboxylic acids. It converts secondary alcohols to ketones. This is not a controlled reaction since the reaction occurs in aqueous medium.

When an oxidation takes place, the hydrogen atom attached to the oxygen atom is removed to form aldehydes from alcohols, or to form carboxylic acids from aldehydes. Compounds with no hydrogen attached to oxygen cannot be oxidized using Swern oxidation. Examples of such compounds are tertiary alcohols and ethers.

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Answer 3

Question

Definition Definition Class of organic compounds that contain a carboxyl group ( - COOH ) and has a general formula R - COOH or R - CO 2 H , where R refers to the alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, or other groups. They can undergo different chemical reactions, such as acid-base reactions, esterification, and oxidation. These are essential components of living organisms, playing important roles in metabolic processes, signaling, and as pharmaceuticals.

Chapter 12, Problem 3PP

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Accomplishment of each of the given transformations is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Swern Oxidation converts primary and secondary alcohols into aldehydes and ketones, respectively. The catalyst used is DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide), oxalyl chloride in triethylamine (organic base).

Reduction of alkyl halides to hydrocarbons is achieved by treating alkyl halides with lithium aluminum hydride (LiAlH4).

Chromic acid oxidation: Oxidation of primary alcohols to aldehydes and use of hydronium (aqueous medium) to further oxidize the aldehydes to carboxylic acids is achieved by chromic acid and water. Secondary alcohols are oxidized into ketones and no further reaction is involved, since there are no hydrogens attached to the oxygen to be removed.

Pyridinium Chlorochromate (PPC): PPC is formed from pyridine, hydrochloric acid and chromium oxide. This allows for controlled oxidation since this reaction takes place in anhydrous conditions.

Potassium Permanganate: Potassium permanganate is a strong oxidizing agent. It converts the primary alcohols and aldehydes to their corresponding carboxylic acids. It converts secondary alcohols to ketones. This is not a controlled reaction since the reaction occurs in aqueous medium.

When an oxidation takes place, the hydrogen atom attached to the oxygen atom is removed to form aldehydes from alcohols, or to form carboxylic acids from aldehydes. Compounds with no hydrogen attached to oxygen cannot be oxidized using Swern oxidation. Examples of such compounds are tertiary alcohols and ethers.

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Answer 4

Question

Definition Definition Class of organic compounds that contain a carboxyl group ( - COOH ) and has a general formula R - COOH or R - CO 2 H , where R refers to the alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, or other groups. They can undergo different chemical reactions, such as acid-base reactions, esterification, and oxidation. These are essential components of living organisms, playing important roles in metabolic processes, signaling, and as pharmaceuticals.

Chapter 12, Problem 3PP

Interpretation Introduction