
Concept explainers
Interpretation:
The starting material that led to the given product through the defined reactions is to be deduced.
Concept introduction:
Electrophiles are electron deficient species that have positive or partially positive charge. Lewis acids are electrophiles that accept electron pair.
Nucleophiles are electron rich species that have negative or partially negative charge. Lewis bases are nucleophiles that donate electron pair.
Free radical is an atom, molecule, or ion that has unpaired electrons, which makes it highly chemically reactive.
Substitution reaction: A reaction in which one of the hydrogen atoms of a hydrocarbon or a
Elimination reaction: A reaction in which two substituent groups are detached and a double bond is formed is called elimination reaction.
Addition reaction: It is the reaction in which unsaturated bonds are converted to saturated molecules by the addition of molecules.
The Grignard reagent or RMgX is a polar organometallic reagent that undergoes nucleophilic addition reaction with
Grignard reagent or RMgX can be synthesized from haloalkanes by reacting them with magnesium in the presence of dry ether.
Grignard reagent or RMgX is a reagent that can be prepared from
Elimination reaction of halo
Hydroxyl group of alcohol can undergo substitution to form halogen derivatives with reagents like MsCl or
Halogenation can occur at allylic or benzylic positions of existing double bonds by using reagents like NBS.
Swern oxidation is a reaction that involves the conversion of alcohol to the aldehyde by treating alcohol with DMSO and oxalyl chloride at very low temperature.
The
Alkene is converted into alcohol on reaction with THF and water.
Alkene is converted into alkane in presence of
Alcohol can be converted into aldehyde in the presence of DMSO,
Secondary alcohol can be converted into ketone on reaction with
Primary alcohol can be converted into carboxylic acid on reaction with (i)
Primary alcohol can be converted into ether on reaction with sulfuric acid at
Grignard reagent reacts with a ketone in the presence of

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Chapter 12 Solutions
Organic Chemistry
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