Concept explainers
Interpretation:
The starting material that led to the given product through the defined reactions is to be deduced.
Concept introduction:
Electrophiles are electron deficient species that have positive or partially positive charge. Lewis acids are electrophiles that accept electron pair.
Nucleophiles are electron rich species that have negative or partially negative charge. Lewis bases are nucleophiles that donate electron pair.
Free radical is an atom, molecule, or ion that has unpaired electrons, which makes it highly chemically reactive.
Substitution reaction: A reaction in which one of the hydrogen atoms of a hydrocarbon or a
Elimination reaction: A reaction in which two substituent groups are detached and a double bond is formed is called elimination reaction.
Addition reaction: It is the reaction in which unsaturated bonds are converted to saturated molecules by the addition of molecules.
The Grignard reagent or RMgX is a polar organometallic reagent that undergoes nucleophilic addition reaction with
Grignard reagent or RMgX can be synthesized from haloalkanes by reacting them with magnesium in the presence of dry ether.
Grignard reagent or RMgX is a reagent that can be prepared from
Elimination reaction of halo
Hydroxyl group of alcohol can undergo substitution to form halogen derivatives with reagents like MsCl or
Halogenation can occur at allylic or benzylic positions of existing double bonds by using reagents like NBS.
Swern oxidation is a reaction that involves the conversion of alcohol to the aldehyde by treating alcohol with DMSO and oxalyl chloride at very low temperature.
The
Alkene is converted into alcohol on reaction with THF and water.
Alkene is converted into alkane in presence of
Alcohol can be converted into aldehyde in the presence of DMSO,
Secondary alcohol can be converted into ketone on reaction with
Primary alcohol can be converted into carboxylic acid on reaction with (i)
Primary alcohol can be converted into ether on reaction with sulfuric acid at
Grignard reagent reacts with a ketone in the presence of
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Organic Chemistry
- Predict the major product or the necessary reagent or reactant to complete each of the following reactions. In the box before each reaction, indicate the mechanism followed by the reaction. (Free radical (FR), SN2, SN1). (b) (a) Cl₂ CH₂CH₂OH (a) 1 hv 2 (b) H Br H₂O Na+ SCH3 (c) (d) CI "CH3arrow_forwardApply retrosynthetic analysis to guide the preparation of each of the following compounds from the indicated starting material, then write out the synthesis showing the necessary reagents. (a) 1-Propanol from 2-propanol (b) 1,2-Dibromopropane from 2-bromopropane (c) 1-Bromo-2-propanol from 2-propanol (d) 1-Bromo-2-methyl-2-propanol from tert-butyl bromide (e) 1,2-Epoxypropane from 2-propanol (f) tert-Butyl alcohol from isobutyl alcohol (g) tert-Butyl iodide from isobutyl iodide (h) trans-2-Chlorocyclohexanol from cyclohexyl chloridearrow_forward(a) Although phenoxide ion has more number of resonating structures than carboxylate ion, carboxylic acid is a stronger acid than phenol. Give two reasons.(b) How will you bring about the following converstions?(i) Propanone to propane (ii) Benzoyl chloride to benzaldehyde(iii) Ethanal to but-2-enalarrow_forward
- Starting with 2-methylpropene, outline a synthesis of (a) (CH3)3COH (b) (CH3)2C(OH)CH2Brarrow_forwardDraw the structural formula(s) for the major product(s) of each of the following reactions. Unless required, ignore stereochemical details.arrow_forward(c) Answer each of the questions below that relate to acetophenone: Xo (i) (ii) (iii) Draw the structure of the enol form of acetophenone. Give a stepwise mechanism for the conversion of acetophenone into its enol form. Show how each of the three compounds A, B and C below can be prepared from acetophenone. Explain clearly what reactants/reagents would be required in each case. odocor A B Br Carrow_forward
- Draw a structural formula for the alcohol formed by treating each alkene with borane in tetrahydrofuran (THF) followed by hydrogen peroxide in aqueous sodium hydroxide, and specify stereochemistry where appropriate. (a) (d) (b) (e) (c)arrow_forwardShow, by writing an appropriate series of equations, how you could prepare propyne from each of the following compounds as starting materials. You may use any necessary organic or inorganic reagents. (a) 2-Propanol (d) 1,1-Dichloroethane (b) 1-Propanol (e) Ethyl alcohol (c) Isopropyl bromidearrow_forward(d) How would you prepare any one of the following compounds from benzene? More than one step may be involved in each case. (a) (b) OH Br m-Bromo benzoic acid Phenyl acetic acidarrow_forward
- Guiding your reasoning by retrosynthetic analysis, show how you could prepare each of the following compounds from the given starting material and any necessary organic or inorganic reagents. All require more than one synthetic step. (a) Cyclopentyl iodide from cyclopentane (b) 1-Bromo-2-methylpropane from 2-bromo-2-methylpropane (c) meso-2,3-Dibromobutane from 2-butyne (d) 1-Heptene from 1-bromopentane (e) cis-2-Hexene from 1,2-dibromopentane (f) Butyl methyl ether (CH3CH2CH2CH2OCH3) from 1-butenearrow_forwardDraw the structure of the final product(s) of this series of reactions. (b)arrow_forwardGive reasons :(a) n-Butyl bromide has higher boiling point than f-butyl bromide.(b) Racemic mixture is optically inactive.(c) The presence of nitro group (-NO2) at o/p positions increases the reactivity of haloarenes towards nucleophilic substitution reactions.arrow_forward
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