The products for the given reactions are to be predicted. Concept introduction: Grignard reagent reactions with carbonyl groups are treated as acid base reactions. The reaction of Grignard reagents with carbonyl groups yields secondary and tertiary alcohols as their products. These reactions are a two-step reaction. In first step, nucleophilic addition of carbonyl group takes place because Grignard reagent being nucleophilic uses its lone pair of electrons to form a bond with a carbon atom. This results in the formation of an alkoxide ion which remains associated with M g 2 + and X − . In the second step, addition of aqueous HX causes the protonation of the alkoxide ion which leads to the formation of the alcohol and M g X 2 .

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Answer 1

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Definition Definition Organic compounds that have a carbonyl group, C=O, as their functional group. The carbonyl group in aldehydes is placed at the end of the molecular structure, which means the C=O is attached to one hydrogen atom and an alkyl group or a benzene ring. Just like all the other homologous series in organic chemistry, the naming of aldehydes uses the suffix “-al”. The general molecular formula is C n H 2n O.

Chapter 12, Problem 14P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The products for the given reactions are to be predicted.

Concept introduction:

Grignard reagent reactions with carbonyl groups are treated as acid base reactions.

The reaction of Grignard reagents with carbonyl groups yields secondary and tertiary alcohols as their products. These reactions are a two-step reaction. In first step, nucleophilic addition of carbonyl group takes place because Grignard reagent being nucleophilic uses its lone pair of electrons to form a bond with a carbon atom. This results in the formation of an alkoxide ion which remains associated with Mg2+ and X−.

In the second step, addition of aqueous HX causes the protonation of the alkoxide ion which leads to the formation of the alcohol and MgX2 .

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Another standard reference electrode is the standard calomel electrode: Hg2Cl2(s) (calomel) + 2e2 Hg() +2 Cl(aq) This electrode is usually constructed with saturated KCI to keep the Cl- concentration constant (similar to what we discussed with the Ag-AgCl electrode). Under these conditions the potential of this half-cell is 0.241 V. A measurement was taken by dipping a Cu wire and a saturated calomel electrode into a CuSO4 solution: saturated calomel electrode potentiometer copper wire CuSO4 a) Write the half reaction for the Cu electrode. b) Write the Nernst equation for the Cu electrode, which will include [Cu2+] c) If the voltage on the potentiometer reads 0.068 V, solve for [Cu²+].

2. (Part B). Identify a sequence of FGI that prepares the Synthesis Target 2,4-dimethoxy- pentane. All carbons in the Synthesis Target must start as carbons in either ethyne, propyne or methanol. Hint: use your analysis of Product carbons' origins (Part A) to identify possible structure(s) of a precursor that can be converted to the Synthesis Target using one FGI. All carbons in the Synthesis Target must start as carbons in one of the three compounds below. H = -H H = -Me ethyne propyne Synthesis Target 2,4-dimethoxypentane MeOH methanol OMe OMe MeO. OMe C₂H₁₂O₂ Product carbons' origins Draw a box around product C's that came from A1. Draw a dashed box around product C's that came from B1.

Answer 2

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Definition Definition Organic compounds that have a carbonyl group, C=O, as their functional group. The carbonyl group in aldehydes is placed at the end of the molecular structure, which means the C=O is attached to one hydrogen atom and an alkyl group or a benzene ring. Just like all the other homologous series in organic chemistry, the naming of aldehydes uses the suffix “-al”. The general molecular formula is C n H 2n O.

Chapter 12, Problem 14P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The products for the given reactions are to be predicted.

Concept introduction:

Grignard reagent reactions with carbonyl groups are treated as acid base reactions.

The reaction of Grignard reagents with carbonyl groups yields secondary and tertiary alcohols as their products. These reactions are a two-step reaction. In first step, nucleophilic addition of carbonyl group takes place because Grignard reagent being nucleophilic uses its lone pair of electrons to form a bond with a carbon atom. This results in the formation of an alkoxide ion which remains associated with Mg2+ and X−.

In the second step, addition of aqueous HX causes the protonation of the alkoxide ion which leads to the formation of the alcohol and MgX2 .

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Answer 3

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Definition Definition Organic compounds that have a carbonyl group, C=O, as their functional group. The carbonyl group in aldehydes is placed at the end of the molecular structure, which means the C=O is attached to one hydrogen atom and an alkyl group or a benzene ring. Just like all the other homologous series in organic chemistry, the naming of aldehydes uses the suffix “-al”. The general molecular formula is C n H 2n O.

Chapter 12, Problem 14P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The products for the given reactions are to be predicted.

Concept introduction:

Grignard reagent reactions with carbonyl groups are treated as acid base reactions.

The reaction of Grignard reagents with carbonyl groups yields secondary and tertiary alcohols as their products. These reactions are a two-step reaction. In first step, nucleophilic addition of carbonyl group takes place because Grignard reagent being nucleophilic uses its lone pair of electrons to form a bond with a carbon atom. This results in the formation of an alkoxide ion which remains associated with Mg2+ and X−.

In the second step, addition of aqueous HX causes the protonation of the alkoxide ion which leads to the formation of the alcohol and MgX2 .

Expert Solution & Answer

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Check out a sample textbook solution

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Answer 4

Question

Definition Definition Organic compounds that have a carbonyl group, C=O, as their functional group. The carbonyl group in aldehydes is placed at the end of the molecular structure, which means the C=O is attached to one hydrogen atom and an alkyl group or a benzene ring. Just like all the other homologous series in organic chemistry, the naming of aldehydes uses the suffix “-al”. The general molecular formula is C n H 2n O.

Chapter 12, Problem 14P

Interpretation Introduction