You are investigating a case of SCID in which you have observed that the diversity of both T- and B- cells (that is, diversity of both the TCRS and BCRS on the cells of this patient) is drastically reduced. List two genes whose mutation could produce this result, and briefly explain what each one's product normally does.

Q: What determines if a T-cell will become a gamma:delta or alpha:beta T-cell? Select one: O a. The…

A: Introduction T-cells are the immune cells which develop into the Thymus. These are important in…

Q: The current estimate is that mammalian B cells are capable of producing 1,010 different…

A: Immunoglobulins are composed of four polypeptide chains out of which two are heavy chains and two…

Q: In the event of an inflammation in the body, discuss the vaccine concept after indicating how the…

A: Inflammation It is defined as a biological response of the immune system which is stimulated by…

Q: COVID-19 is caused by infection with a novel corona virus, SARS-CoV-2. Testing someone for active…

A: Considering the clinical impact of the new happening, it's extremely necessary to review the…

Q: Would you predict that TLR-XX is able to recognize other types of Gram-negative bacteria, in…

A: TLRs are pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that play an important role in the recognition of…

Q: Some Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) recognize nucleic acids, like RNA or DNA. Since our own…

A: The immune system is an important organ system in the body that plays a role in defense against…

Q: Some pathogenic microorganisms encode proteins, such as the Staphylococcus Protein A, that bind to…

A: Microorganisms are those small organisms that are invisible to the normal naked eye and can be seen…

Q: Why is it important that cell surface markers be similar when transplanting donor tissue into a…

A: Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) typing is used to match patients and donors for organ transplants. Our…

Q: Antibodies produced by one's own immune system can last up to about six months in the bloodstream,…

A: Antibody  Antibody is Y shaped molecules which are made up of proteins. They help in fighting with…

Q: Is it possible for a B cell heavy chain to have non-templated nucleotides (N) but no p nucleotides…

A: B cells Immunity is the ability to fight disease ad this is done by the generation of immune…

Q: Why is the precise timing of recombination events critical during B and T cell development?.

A: B and T cell development is the complex biological process through which precursor cells mature into…

Q: What would be the consequence of a failure to express CD40 ligand by CD4+ T helper cells?

A: INTRODUCTION   CD40L (gp39) is a 33 kDa protein almost exclusively expressed by activated CD4+ T…

Q: Shortly after the recovery from COVID 19, the plasma of the convalescent has significant quantities…

A: Blood comprises red blood cells (RBC), platelets, white blood cells (WBC), and plasma. Red blood…

Q: What is the predicted outcome if a patient receives an allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant from…

A: A defense system in the body of an individual which constitutes a complex network of cells and…

Q: Describe the binding site for superantigens on T cells andAPCs. How does this relate to the…

A: Step 1 Superantigens are microbial protein. The size of superantigens is of 22-29 Daltons in size…

Q: Which of the following is part of the T-cell clonal deletion process? a) T-cells are eliminated if…

A: T cell clonal deletion means deletion of B & T cells through the process of Apoptosis ( program…

Q: During MHC class I synthesis and folding in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), a process of peptide…

A: The MHC class I molecules are responsible for the antigen presentation by infected or malignantly…

Q: Describe the major chromosomal translocation that results in deregulated oncogenic signaling and…

A: Translocation is a process in which a part of the chromosomes is separated and joints with the other…

Q: Identify which of the following is not a characteristic of belatacept. a. contains part of CTLA4…

A: Belatacept is a new immunosuppressive therapy designed that improves the clinical outcomes of kidney…

Q: Class switching is initiated by T-cell activation via CD40 ligation. You are working with a mouse…

A: Class switching, also known as isotype switching, is a process in B cells that involves changing the…

Q: Antibodies can have multiple mechanisms of action. The main mechanism is "flagging" a foreign body…

A: Antibodies are immunoglobulin proteins that are produced by the immune system as a result of the…

Q: Successful synthesis of a rearranged b chain allows the production of a pre-T-cell receptor that…

A: T cell receptors have alpha and beta chains. Both of these chains consists of a constant region and…

Q: A mouse is infected with staphylococcal bacteria through a laceration in the skin of its paw.…

A: Dendritic cells are important immune system regulators. They act as a bridge between the innate and…

Q: Ataxia-telangiectasis (ATM) is a rare genetic neurodegenerative disease. About 20% of people with…

A: Ataxia-telangiectasia ( A-T) is caused by mutations in the ATM (ATM serine/threonine kinase or…

Q: Which of the following cells would be safe from a natural killer (NK) cell's cytotoxicity? O a…

A: Natural killer or NK cells are lymphocytes which work like the Cytotoxic T cells, NK cells are fast…

Q: (a) Identify both the cellular component and the location of the component that is responsible for…

A: Luciferase reporter produces luminescence. If cells contain a luciferase vector, the luminescent…

Q: A researcher performs an experiment where he infects 2 mice (Mouse A and Mouse B) with herpes…

A: Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) is known for its invasiveness against immune response. Major…

Q: A number of vaccines against the SARS-CoV-2 virus (which causes COVID) are currently in use. Based…

A: Acquired immunity- a type of immunity that is not present by birth but is developed over a lifetime.…

Q: Flow cytometry analysis was performed on the blood of an individual known to have been recently…

A: Rhino virus: it causes common cold, pneumonia in children.  Mycobacterium: it causes tuberculosis.…

Q: From: "Towards a universal flu vaccine" the flu vaccine includes antigens from two strains of…

A: The flu, also known as influenza, is an infectious respiratory ailment. It spreads by contact and…

Q: VDJ rearrangement occurs so that: Select one: a.after a pathogen has entered the system, B cells…

A: VDJ arrangement or VDJ recombination is the specialized mechanism which takes place in developing…

Q: 1- B cell clones undergo somatic hypermutation in which structure? Group of answer choices A) Thymic…

A: Progenitor cells are types of stem cells that are able to differentiate into specialized cell types.…

Q: The adaptive immune system uses multiple strategies to generate diversity in our ability to mount…

A: Adaptive immunity is made up of two main components: T cells and B cells. An immune system that…

Q: high

A: In sensitized individuals, on the surface of tissue cells (basophils and mast cells) the IgE…

Q: Match the stage of B cell development with the rearrangement or expression of immunoglobulin genes.…

A: B cell development begins in the fetal liver and continues in the bone marrow throughout our lives.…

Q: It has been suggested that complexes of IgE with allergen can be transferred from mother to child…

A: An Allergic infant will normally have symptoms in several body systems. An increased immunoglobulin…

Q: To study the immune responses that provide protection against tumor growth in mice, some…

A: Cytokines are immunological molecules present in biological systems that are important for cell…

Q: Which of the IgG subclasses would you think was in principle most desirable for use as a therapeutic…

A: The antibodies formed by the immune system of the body are referred to as immunoglobulins. These are…

Q: CD8 T cells in a culture are analyzed for their ability to produce the cytokine IFN-g, and the…

A: T cells are the essential component of immune system. These are developed in the bone marrow and…

Q: A recently emerged virus has been transmitting and mutating rapidly in humans throughout the world.…

A: * Viruses can transmit and replicate faster and can multiply their genome within seconds if host is…

Q: You are an immunocompromised person with a history of serious lung infections, putting you at high…

A: Coronavirus disease was a pandemic disease that took place during 2020-2022. This is a contagious…

Q: Which of the following statements is the most accurate concerning lymphocytes? a. T cells and B…

A: Lymphocytes are the cells that help to fight the microorganism that cause diseases. In normal human…

Q: shows the directed migration of two immune cell types, neutrophils (red) and macrophages (green) to…

A: introduction CMB is the study of cells and the macromolecules (DNA, RNA, protein, lipids,…

Q: Cytotoxic drugs cause immunosuppression by killing dividing cells and have serious side-effects.…

A: Cytotoxic means a substance or mechanism which ends up in cell destruction or cell death.  Graft…

Immunology

Immunology is the division of science involved with the immune reactions occurring in living organisms. The organisms are accustomed to evolving internal defense mechanisms to evade the invasion of microbial pathogens. Diverse cells are connected with stimulating the immune responses, which produce inhospitable conditions to the microbes prompting their lysis and thus inhibits the multiplication of the pathogens. The immune system can distinguish the pathogens through the aid of cellular intercommunication and launch responses to destroy them.