To study the immune responses that provide protection against tumor growth in mice, some investigations have used the EL4 mouse thymoma line. This tumor cell line was derived from a C57BL/6 mouse, and represents a type of T cell lymphoma. When transplanted into Rag-deficient mice, the mice rapidly succumb to the tumor. This is also the case when the mice receive wild-type C57BL/6 T cells the day before tumor cell injection. However, Rag-deficient mice were protected when the transferred T cells came from mice that lacked expression of one cytokine receptor, as shown in the fugure below.  Name one likely candidate for the cytokine receptor that is knocked out in the T cells that are able to protect the mice.

Q: What determines if a T-cell will become a gamma:delta or alpha:beta T-cell? Select one: O a. The…

A: Introduction T-cells are the immune cells which develop into the Thymus. These are important in…

Q: Most of the enzymes involved in immunoglobulin gene rearrangement are ubiquitously expressed in all…

A: Introduction: The enzymes RAG 1 & RAG 2 cut and rearranges DNA to produce different types of…

Q: Describe post-translational modifications and protein-protein interactions that occur and play role…

A: Immunology is the branch of biology that helps in the study of the immune system. It also involves…

Q: Why is the precise timing of recombination events critical during B and T cell development?.

A: B and T cell development is the complex biological process through which precursor cells mature into…

Q: Describe the binding site for superantigens on T cells andAPCs. How does this relate to the…

A: Step 1 Superantigens are microbial protein. The size of superantigens is of 22-29 Daltons in size…

Q: There are two classes of MHC molecules with distinct subunit compositions but similar…

A: Major histocompatibility complex is a set of protein coding genes . These genes are found on the…

Q: During MHC class I synthesis and folding in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), a process of peptide…

A: The MHC class I molecules are responsible for the antigen presentation by infected or malignantly…

Q: major cause of septic shock is the presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from bacteria in the blood.…

A: Septic shock has high modidity and mortality rate due to its effect on circulation in the body which…

Q: Describe the major chromosomal translocation that results in deregulated oncogenic signaling and…

A: Translocation is a process in which a part of the chromosomes is separated and joints with the other…

Q: Class switching is initiated by T-cell activation via CD40 ligation. You are working with a mouse…

A: Class switching, also known as isotype switching, is a process in B cells that involves changing the…

Q: Describe what signals are sent through electrochemical immunosensors to treat different type of…

A: Electrochemical sensors are a type of biosensor that use an electrical signal to detect specific…

Q: Successful synthesis of a rearranged b chain allows the production of a pre-T-cell receptor that…

A: T cell receptors have alpha and beta chains. Both of these chains consists of a constant region and…

Q: COVID-19 MRNA vaccines have the potential to stimulate the following types of immune attack against…

A: CoViD-19 vaccines based on mRNA technology go inside the host cells, get the spike protein of the…

Q: Which of the following is specific to the immediate events of innate immune system inflammation?…

A: Innate immunity is the immune response that  consist of all defence elements with which an…

Q: A mouse is infected with staphylococcal bacteria through a laceration in the skin of its paw.…

A: Dendritic cells are important immune system regulators. They act as a bridge between the innate and…

Q: Ataxia-telangiectasis (ATM) is a rare genetic neurodegenerative disease. About 20% of people with…

A: Ataxia-telangiectasia ( A-T) is caused by mutations in the ATM (ATM serine/threonine kinase or…

Q: (a) Identify both the cellular component and the location of the component that is responsible for…

A: Luciferase reporter produces luminescence. If cells contain a luciferase vector, the luminescent…

Q: T-cell receptor signaling leads to enhanced integrin-mediated cell adhesion.  T-Cell Receptor…

A: According to the question, a graph has been displayed which demonstrates that T cell Receptor…

Q: For immunoglobulin heavy and light chain genes, and for T-cell receptor b chain genes, there are a…

A: The T-cell receptors are present on the surface of the T-cells also known as T-lymphocytes. They…

Q: Describe the role of Ras.GTP and Rac.GTP in the formation of active AP-1 during T-cell ww ww…

A: Ras GTP and Rac GTP falls under the Rho family GTPase proteins, that play the key regulatory role in…

Q: Which of the following statements is false concerning T-cell development? a. γ and δ…

A: Thymus lymphocytes (T cells) are one of the major components of the adaptive immune system. There…

Q: high

A: In sensitized individuals, on the surface of tissue cells (basophils and mast cells) the IgE…

Q: Match the stage of B cell development with the rearrangement or expression of immunoglobulin genes.…

A: B cell development begins in the fetal liver and continues in the bone marrow throughout our lives.…

Q: In B cells, what mechanism ensures that only rearranged V genes are transcribed?

A: A gene (from genos (Greek) which means generation or birth or sex) is a basic unit of heredity and a…

Q: B-cell tumors originate during different developmental stages of B cells during their maturation in…

A: B cells are also termed B lymphocytes, they are known as white blood cells of the lymphocyte…

Q: When T cells are activated by recognizing peptide:MHC complexes on dendritic cells in the lymph…

A: According to the question, here is a short description of the T cell activation process and brief…

Q: Describe post-translational modifications and protein-protein interactions that occur and play role…

A: Immunity is defined as the inherent ability of the body to fight against diseases/infectious…

Q: Suppose that a particular species of vertebrate animal has immunoglobulin heavy-chain genes that…

A: ANSWER;-

Q: Infection with SARS-CoV-2 can result in a wide range, and severity, of symptoms. Research suggests…

A: Introduction: Genetic variation refers to differences in the DNA sequence among individuals within a…

Q: Cytotoxic drugs cause immunosuppression by killing dividing cells and have serious side-effects.…

A: Cytotoxic means a substance or mechanism which ends up in cell destruction or cell death.  Graft…

Q: Why Somatic Hyper Mutation takes place in B-Cells only and not in T-Cells?

A: Mechanism by which the immune system adapts to new foreign elements during class switching involving…

Q: Please outline the general steps you would take to test your hypothesis that SIN-47 works by…

A: Hypothesis: SIN-47 works by disrupting the interaction between LEK2 and JAK4.

Q: trigger

A: The process of programmed cell death is called apoptosis. Apoptosis aids in the prevention of…

Q: You are investigating a case of SCID in which you have observed that the diversity of both T- and B-…

A: Both BCR and TCR possess unique binding sites. They differ in the process of the recognition of…

Q: During the early developmental stages of α:β T cells in the thymus, there are two key checkpoints…

A: The T cells are mainly derived from hematopoietic stem cells present in the bone marrow. The…

Q: shows the directed migration of two immune cell types, neutrophils (red) and macrophages (green) to…

A: Immune cells are the sort of cells that emerge from stem cells in the bone marrow and mature into…

Q: B-cell development in the bone marrow is an inherently wasteful process. Nearly half of the pro-B…

A: B cells are a type of white blood cell that are vital to the immune system. They are produced in the…

Q: Complexes of IgG bound to soluble multivalent antigens can activate the classical pathway on the…

A: Introduction :- One of three mechanisms that activate the complement system, a component of the…

Q: Can a mature B Cell produce an epitope-specific antibody first and then switch to make an antibody…

A: Since we only answer one question at a time, therefore, we are answering the first question listed…

Q: Defects in antigen receptor gene rearrangement can result in SCID (severe combined…

A: SCID is a rare collection of illnesses caused by mutations in distinct genes involved in the…

Q: Which of the following statements best explains why the immune system can continue to make…

A: Rituximab is a medication that will be mostly used for treating rheumatoid arthritis as well as…

Q: Inhibitory receptors on lymphocytes down-regulate immune responses by recruiting protein or lipid…

A: B cells, also known as B lymphocytes, are part of adaptive immunity, which is antigen-specific and…

Q: What techniques and methods are used to detect T cell signaling defects in a patient?

A: There are several techniques to detect T-cell signaling defects in patients. Some of them are as…

Q: Match the term in Column A with its correct description in Column B.

A: The details of the term given in Column A has been provided in following step and they are matched…

Q: The figure below shows the characteristic pattern of Ca2+ influx in the red line (wild-type; WT),…

A: Antigen-specific activation of T lymphocytes, via stimulation of the T-cell substance receptor (TCR)…

Genomic studies

Genomic studies (genomics) is the study of the whole genome of an organism. Using bioinformatics and high-performance computing, genomic researchers examined massive amounts of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-sequence data to discover variations or mutations that affect drug response, health, or disease. Genomics is a much younger discipline than genetics, having only emerged in the last few decades as a result of technological advancements in DNA sequencing and computational biology.