The figure below shows the characteristic pattern of Ca2+ influx in the red line (wild-type; WT), where TCR stimulation causes a sharp rise in cytoplasmic Ca2+, followed by a slow decline over hours. As shown below, cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentrations do not normally return to baseline for the time course of this experiment. A mutant mouse is identified with a defect in T cell activation in response to TCR stimulation. The calcium response of T cells from the mutant mouse is shown in the blue line. a) Given these data, name three T cell signaling proteins that could be defective in the mutant T cells.

Q: Cytotoxic effector T cells also produce inflammatory cytokines such as IFN-g and TNF-a when their…

A: According to the question, we have to find out the reason behind the enhanced activity of the…

Q: Biology Monoclonal antibodies are used clinically as for anti-tumor immunotherapy. Which of the…

A: What is not the mechanism or least effective mechanism of monoclonal antibodies to control the…

Q: Name two possible functions of CD8a+ dendritic cells that could account for the results seen in the…

A: Dendritic cells  Dendritic cells are a sort of antigen-presenting cell (APC) that structure a…

Q: A young child with cretinism is not growing and her parents would like her to take synthetic hGH.…

A: Introduction :- When thyroid glands are underactive or hypothyroid from birth, it is referred to as…

Q: Why do you think antibodies against the N-terminal domain (NTD) provide protection against SARS-CoV2…

A: During infection, SARS CoV-2's spike glycoprotein binds with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)…

Q: After a cell "clears" the G₁ restriction checkpoint, it can proceed into S phase. This S phase entry…

A: The cell cycle is regulated at following four crucial transitions: G1 to S S to G2 (very short) G2…

Q: In a patient with Essential thrombocytemia, a mutation in JAK2 - a downstream effector of cytokine…

A: Thrombocytemia is an abnormal condition in which number of platelets starts increase Platelets play…

Q: The white blood cells known as T lymphocytes respond to antigens thatbind specifi cally to the T…

A: The TCR (T-cell receptor) is a heterodimer composed of two transmembrane protein subunits called α…

Q: Naive T cells are isolated and left untreated or treated with ‘compound X’ for 1 hour. Following…

A: Answer. Cytokines are low-molecular-weight globulins/glycoproteins, non-immunoglobulin in nature,…

Q: Innate lymphoid cells (ILCS), implicated in tissue repair and maintenance of barrier integrity, are…

A: Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) form a distinct effector lymphocyte family of the innate immune system…

Q: Describe the binding site for superantigens on T cells andAPCs. How does this relate to the…

A: Step 1 Superantigens are microbial protein. The size of superantigens is of 22-29 Daltons in size…

Q: There are two classes of MHC molecules with distinct subunit compositions but similar…

A: Major histocompatibility complex is a set of protein coding genes . These genes are found on the…

Q: major cause of septic shock is the presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from bacteria in the blood.…

A: Septic shock has high modidity and mortality rate due to its effect on circulation in the body which…

Q: Describe the major chromosomal translocation that results in deregulated oncogenic signaling and…

A: Translocation is a process in which a part of the chromosomes is separated and joints with the other…

Q: Please summarize these two papers and explain what the figure tells us. Elaborate the details as if…

A: The mentioned papers delve into the role of the Na/K-ATPase in calcium signaling and the formation…

Q: Mice deficient in the enzyme MMP7, that cleaves prepro-a-defensin to the active a-defensin, show an…

A: * MMP7 cleaves prepro alpha defensin to the active alpha defensin shows an increased in the…

Q: Successful synthesis of a rearranged b chain allows the production of a pre-T-cell receptor that…

A: T cell receptors have alpha and beta chains. Both of these chains consists of a constant region and…

Q: A mouse is infected with staphylococcal bacteria through a laceration in the skin of its paw.…

A: Dendritic cells are important immune system regulators. They act as a bridge between the innate and…

Q: Based on these data, which of the following proteins (biotin, hygromycin, and streptavidin) can rule…

A:

Q: For immunoglobulin heavy and light chain genes, and for T-cell receptor b chain genes, there are a…

A: The T-cell receptors are present on the surface of the T-cells also known as T-lymphocytes. They…

Q: Three major cell types, dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells, present peptides bound to MHC…

A: In the human body, the resistance against the entry of any foreign particle or antigens is executed…

Q: RAE1 molecules are expressed by stressed cells, including some tumor cells. What would be the…

A: RAE1 (Retinoic acid early inducible 1) is a protein that is expressed by stressed cells, including…

Q: Although homozygous deficiencies in complement regulatory proteins cause serious diseases, more…

A: The proteins that interact with complement system components are known as complement regulatory…

Q: What is the explanation for the results in Rows 1–4 of the table?. Why does the T cell response to…

A: T lymphocyte is a kind of leukocyte (white blood cell) that plays an important role in the immune…

Q: It was mentioned to do Biocompatibility Testing to ensure the TPU scaffold and encapsulated beta…

A: Solution:- Biocompatibility testing assesses the compatibility of a material, like a TPU scaffold…

Q: When the Na+/K+ ATPase is in the E1 confirmation, why is it essential to maintain the K+ binding…

A: INTRODUCTION Sodium potassium pump It is discovered in 1957 by Jens Christian soku. It is found in…

Q: Mice and humans with inactivating mutations in the gene encoding activation-induced cytidine…

A: IgM is described as a class of immunoglobulin. It displays its function by serving as the first line…

Q: To study the immune responses that provide protection against tumor growth in mice, some…

A: Cytokines are immunological molecules present in biological systems that are important for cell…

Q: Which of the following result do you expect to see from your experiment, and what problem you may…

A: Immunity is the term used for the ability of our body to fight against pathogens. Immunity is of two…

Q: NCR- ILC3 make up one of the most frequent ILC subsets in the human peripheral blood, while NCR+…

A: Innate immunity is that immunity which confers to the inbuilt immunity of the body. This immunity…

Q: Please outline the general steps you would take to test your hypothesis that SIN-47 works by…

A: Hypothesis: SIN-47 works by disrupting the interaction between LEK2 and JAK4.

Q: You had two blood samples and needed to distinguish between TD and TI B cell responses. You…

A: Binding of foreign antigen with receptors on B cells after being recognized by antigen presenting…

Q: During the early developmental stages of α:β T cells in the thymus, there are two key checkpoints…

A: The T cells are mainly derived from hematopoietic stem cells present in the bone marrow. The…

Q: T cells in the thymus are determined to be T helper cells or T killer cells while undergoing…

A: The immune system is a complicated physiological system comprised of several organs, tissues, and…

Q: Surprisingly, humans as well as mice deficient in the complement protein, C3, have greatly reduced…

A: The immune system is the body’s defense mechanism against infections and invading pathogens and…

Q: A strain of mice has been identified that does not respond to LPS. This lack of response is due to a…

A: LPS are the Lipopolysaccharides that are a major component of the outer membrane of gram-negative…

Cell Signaling

It allows cells to perform various cellular activities, coordinate, and interact with other cells. All cells of an organism receive signals from their environments and respond accordingly. Even the unicellular eukaryotes receive signals secreted by other cells and respond. In the case of yeast, mating takes place by signaling between the yeast cells. Communication by cell signaling in a multicellular organism has become a vast and important part of various fields of biology.