The B-cell co-receptor, composed of CD19/CD21/CD81, is a receptor that binds to complement fragments such as C3dg. When an antigen bound by the BCR on a B cell has also been tagged with C3dg, the B-cell co-receptor is stimulated together with the BCR. Signaling through the co-receptor O inhibits BCR signaling by leading to PIP3 dephosphorylation. inhibits BCR signaling by leading to ITAM dephosphorylation. O enhances BCR signaling by recruiting and activating PI 3-kinase. enhances BCR signaling by bringing the Src kinase together with Ig-a and Ig-ß.

Q: Immature B-cells express only IgM on its membrane, and if it encounters antigen the IgM will be…

A: Switch Recombination:- It is a process in immune system where B-cells changes the class of…

Q: What determines if a T-cell will become a gamma:delta or alpha:beta T-cell? Select one: O a. The…

A: Introduction T-cells are the immune cells which develop into the Thymus. These are important in…

Q: Describe post-translational modifications and protein-protein interactions that occur and play role…

A: Immunology is the branch of biology that helps in the study of the immune system. It also involves…

Q: The MARCH-1 E3-ubiquitin ligase is expressed in B cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages. The…

A: Pathogens have evolved various mechanisms to evade the host immune system. One such mechanism is to…

Q: The white blood cells known as T lymphocytes respond to antigens thatbind specifi cally to the T…

A: The TCR (T-cell receptor) is a heterodimer composed of two transmembrane protein subunits called α…

Q: Is it possible for a B cell heavy chain to have non-templated nucleotides (N) but no p nucleotides…

A: B cells Immunity is the ability to fight disease ad this is done by the generation of immune…

Q: Innate lymphoid cells (ILCS), implicated in tissue repair and maintenance of barrier integrity, are…

A: Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) form a distinct effector lymphocyte family of the innate immune system…

Q: The following events occur in humoral immunity, leading to an activated B cell in a T dependent…

A: Humoral immunity is a crucial component of the immune system that involves the production of…

Q: complement

A: Option D is answer .    The presentation of the antigens to the T helper cells for their activation…

Q: Describe the binding site for superantigens on T cells andAPCs. How does this relate to the…

A: Step 1 Superantigens are microbial protein. The size of superantigens is of 22-29 Daltons in size…

Q: major cause of septic shock is the presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from bacteria in the blood.…

A: Septic shock has high modidity and mortality rate due to its effect on circulation in the body which…

Q: Briefly, what are the 2 ‘checkpoints’ in development for the B cell? When do the B cells pause to…

A: In humans, B-cells are a type of WBCs (white blood cells) involved in the humoral immunity…

Q: Class switching is initiated by T-cell activation via CD40 ligation. You are working with a mouse…

A: Class switching, also known as isotype switching, is a process in B cells that involves changing the…

Q: Antibodies can have multiple mechanisms of action. The main mechanism is "flagging" a foreign body…

A: Antibodies are immunoglobulin proteins that are produced by the immune system as a result of the…

Q: Successful synthesis of a rearranged b chain allows the production of a pre-T-cell receptor that…

A: T cell receptors have alpha and beta chains. Both of these chains consists of a constant region and…

Q: Which of the following is specific to the immediate events of innate immune system inflammation?…

A: Innate immunity is the immune response that  consist of all defence elements with which an…

Q: (a) Identify both the cellular component and the location of the component that is responsible for…

A: Luciferase reporter produces luminescence. If cells contain a luciferase vector, the luminescent…

Q: T-cell receptor signaling leads to enhanced integrin-mediated cell adhesion.  T-Cell Receptor…

A: According to the question, a graph has been displayed which demonstrates that T cell Receptor…

Q: If a B cell receptor does not pass selection, is it better to be self-reactive against a…

A: In the primary lymphoid organs, such as lymph nodes and spleen, the selection is positive and…

Q: For immunoglobulin heavy and light chain genes, and for T-cell receptor b chain genes, there are a…

A: The T-cell receptors are present on the surface of the T-cells also known as T-lymphocytes. They…

Q: Based on the data shown in chart, titled IL-2 Response by Macrophages that express TLR-XX would you…

A: Introduction :- Macrophages are a type of white blood cell, also known as immune cells, that play an…

Q: VDJ rearrangement occurs so that: Select one: a.after a pathogen has entered the system, B cells…

A: VDJ arrangement or VDJ recombination is the specialized mechanism which takes place in developing…

Q: Which two events are required to activate a cytotoxic T cell? There is more than one answer. O Class…

A: There is a specific recognition of peptide and MHC complexes on a target cell by a cytotoxic CD 8 T…

Q: A metabolically stressed epithelial cell expresses the protein MICits surface and then interacts…

A: NK cells are activated as an early event during an immune response and does not require the need for…

Q: Which of the following statements about Notch 1 is correct? (Select all that apply.) Select one or…

A: Concept used :  Notch 1 gene    Definitions required -  Notch 1 gene :  Notch one is a gene that…

Q: Match the stage of B cell development with the rearrangement or expression of immunoglobulin genes.…

A: B cell development begins in the fetal liver and continues in the bone marrow throughout our lives.…

Q: In B cells, what mechanism ensures that only rearranged V genes are transcribed?

A: A gene (from genos (Greek) which means generation or birth or sex) is a basic unit of heredity and a…

Q: To study the immune responses that provide protection against tumor growth in mice, some…

A: Cytokines are immunological molecules present in biological systems that are important for cell…

Q: Describe post-translational modifications and protein-protein interactions that occur and play role…

A: Immunity is defined as the inherent ability of the body to fight against diseases/infectious…

Q: Which proteins involved in the activation of T cells have the capacity for transduction without the…

A: For the activation of T-cell, there are three types of proteins which come into play:- MHC proteins…

Immunology

Immunology is the division of science involved with the immune reactions occurring in living organisms. The organisms are accustomed to evolving internal defense mechanisms to evade the invasion of microbial pathogens. Diverse cells are connected with stimulating the immune responses, which produce inhospitable conditions to the microbes prompting their lysis and thus inhibits the multiplication of the pathogens. The immune system can distinguish the pathogens through the aid of cellular intercommunication and launch responses to destroy them.