Innate lymphoid cells (ILCS) , implicated in tissue repair and maintenance of barrierintegrity, are present in large numbers in the intestine which is also innervated byintestinal nervous system (ENS). Reccent research has shown that ILCS-express receptors for IgGexpress receptors for neuropeptides and neurotransmittersO function through pattern recognition receptors (PRRS) such as TLRS

Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) form a distinct effector lymphocyte family of the innate immune system…

Answered: Innate lymphoid cells (ILCS),…

Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)

11th Edition

ISBN:9780134580999

Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn

Publisher:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn

Chapter1: The Human Body: An Orientation

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1RQ: The correct sequence of levels forming the structural hierarchy is A. (a) organ, organ system,...

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Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the causative agent of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) infects T-helper cells that have the CD4 receptor on their surface: gp120 CD4 receptor -CXCR4 coreceptor RNA- Revorse transcriptase enzyme Core with - protein coat Capsomeres of protein coat Envelope T cll DNA (a) Structure of HIV (b) HIV infecting a T cell with CD4 receptors, and CXCR4 coreceptors which are distributed over the surface of the cell Copyright e 2001 Benjamin Cummings, an imprint of Addison Wesloy Longman, Inc. A. As shown in the above diagram, HIV attaches to a susceptible cell by a binding interaction between the gp120 protein on the virus protein and the CD4 and CXCR4 receptors on the surface of the T-helper cell. What will be the next event in the virus life cycle? B. One mechanism for transmission of HIV is direct contact during sexual activity. What is the other common mechanism of transmission?
NCR- ILC3 make up one of the most frequent ILC subsets in the human peripheral blood, while NCR+ ILC3 are virtually absent in the circulation during homeostasis. Importantly, the healthy human intestine hosts dominantly NCR+ILC3, which have been shown to be essential in maintaining gut homeostasis. The signature cytokine of NCR+ ILC3 is IL-22. ILC3 in mice sense their environment and control gut defense as part of a glial-ILC3-epithelial cell unit orchestrated by neurotrophic factors. Enteric ILC3 express the neuroregulatory receptor RET. ILC3-autonomous Ret ablation led to decreased innate interleukin-22 (IL-22), impaired epithelial reactivity, dysbiosis and increased susceptibility to bowel inflammation and infection. Does this this complex neuro immune cross talk in the intestine account for the NCR ILC3 cells producing IL-22 while no such associations exist in the circulation where the ILC3 cells are NCR- and produce IL-17? maybe O yes O no
Where is the CD4 receptor? What is it’s role in the immune response? (provide details – innate vs acquired) Why is someone lacking the CD4 receptor immune to HIV infection?
TLR-4 recognizes bacterial lipopolysaccharide in association with the host accessory proteins MD-2 and CD14. True/False: All mammalian TLRs have been shown to directly bind to microbial products, leading to TLR signaling.
The first JAK kinase inhibitor to be developed, tofacitinib, inhibits JAK1 and JAK3. These two JAK kinases are required for the signaling pathways induced by multiple cytokines, including all of the receptors that share the cytokine receptor common gamma chain (gc; includes the receptors for IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, IL-15, and IL-21), all of the receptors that share gp130 (includes the receptor for IL-6), the receptors for GM-CSF, IL-12, and IL-23, and both type I and type II (i.e., IFN-g) interferon receptors. Tofacitinib has recently been shown to be effective in the treatment of severe rheumatoid arthritis, an autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation of the joints with prominent inflammatory cell infiltrates, autoantibodies, and eventual cartilage and bone destruction. A likely explanation for the therapeutic benefits of tofacitinib in this disease is: Its ability to inhibit the T cell functions that eventually lead to other disease symptoms Its ability to prevent T cell…
The formation of the C3 convertase is a key step in complement activation that occurs in all three complement pathways. This enzyme cleaves C3 in blood plasma, leading to a conformational change in the C3b fragment that exposes its reactive thioester group. The activated C3b is potentially harmful to the host, if it becomes covalently attached to a host cell, rather than to the surface of a pathogen. This deleterious outcome is largely avoided by: The inability of active C3b to diffuse away in the blood plasma. The inability of active C3b to covalently attach to the membranes of eukaryotic cells. The rapid hydrolysis of active C3b in solution, rendering it inactive. The tight binding of active C3b to the C3 convertase. The ability of active C3b to recruit phagocytic cells.
T cells in the thymus are determined to be T helper cells or T killer cells while undergoing maturation in the Choose from the folloiwng: (A) cortex of the thymus (B) medulla of the thymus
Activation of which of the following do not cause phagocytosis to occur O Pattern Recognition Receptors O Fc Receptors O B-Cell Receptor T-Cell Receptor
Alpha Beta chain chain CHO CHO Disulfide bridge CHO CHO What kind of receptor is show in the figure? T-cell receptor impossible to tell B-cell receptor Variable region "V" Constant region "C" Hinge "H Transmembrane region Cytoplasmic tail
Complexes of IgG bound to soluble multivalent antigens can activate the classical pathway on the complex, targeting it for of complement, resulting in the deposition of endocytic uptake by cells bearing. Select one: a. C4b; CR2 and Fc receptors b. c. C5-9; CR1 and Fc receptors d. C3b; CR1 and Fc receptors e. C2a; CR2 and Toll-like receptors C3b; CR2 and Toll-like receptors
Binding of TGF-β to its receptors can elicit a variety of responses in different cell types. For example, TGF-β induces plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 in epithelial cells and specific immunoglobulins in B cells. In both cell types, Smad3 is activated. Given the conservation of the signaling pathway, what accounts for the diversity of the response to TGF-β in various cell types?
A patient develops a blood infection with a capsule-producing strain of E. coli. Phagocytosis by macrophage will be essential to destroy the bacteria and resolve the infection. Which of the following will be dirertly required to allow ADCC-opsonization of the encapsulated E. coli: O Toll-like receptor (TLR)-induced secretion of tumor necrosis factor alpha O Release of C3a to the extracellular fluids O Presence of MHC II on the surface of the macrophage O Presence of IgG receptors (Fc-gamma-R) on the macrophage All of the answers apply

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