On phagocytes and other cells, (?????) are receptors classified as part of the innate immune system that detect molecular motifs not usually found in humans, such as double stranded RNA or lipopolysaccharide and trigger an immune response.
Q: Explain why during somatic hypermutation process, there are many mutations throughout the variable…
A: Antibodies protect us from the antigen which enter our body there are many antibodies which are…
Q: Naive T cells are isolated and left untreated or treated with ‘compound X’ for 1 hour. Following…
A: Answer. Cytokines are low-molecular-weight globulins/glycoproteins, non-immunoglobulin in nature,…
Q: Part II: Fill in the blank: IL-04,5,6 1- The addition of more subunits at either end of MTs is…
A: Actin and myosin Actin is a globular protein that gives space and mobility to the person. myosin is…
Q: Which of the following can be answered by immunohistochemistry? Select all that apply. a. Whether…
A: Few important points : Immunohistochemistry is basically a localization of known antigen in tissue…
Q: Cyclosporin A and rapamycin are each used as T cell immunosuppressants. They share the property of…
A: Ciclosporin, commonly known as cyclosporine or cyclosporin, is an immunosuppressant drug that…
Q: major cause of septic shock is the presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from bacteria in the blood.…
A: Septic shock has high modidity and mortality rate due to its effect on circulation in the body which…
Q: The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) activates a complex signaling network to increase…
A: Answer C-myc synthesis is responsible for cell growth and development and prevent apoptosis.…
Q: COVID-19 MRNA vaccines have the potential to stimulate the following types of immune attack against…
A: CoViD-19 vaccines based on mRNA technology go inside the host cells, get the spike protein of the…
Q: Covid 19 binds to the ACE2 and TMPRS22 receptor to invade a cell. Would these be transmembrane or…
A: SARS-CoV-2 can cause COVID 19. COVID 19 is the name of the disease where as the name of the virus…
Q: TCRs versus antibodies, the overall domain organization of the TCR is not the same as for an…
A: Antibodies bind to a different types of antigenic shapes while TCRs only recognise antigenic…
Q: Ataxia-telangiectasis (ATM) is a rare genetic neurodegenerative disease. About 20% of people with…
A: Ataxia-telangiectasia ( A-T) is caused by mutations in the ATM (ATM serine/threonine kinase or…
Q: Researchers discovered that specific t-SNARES, v-SNAREs, and Rabs are localized to the area where…
A: Fusion of transport vesicles with its target involves two major steps. First, the transport…
Q: T-cell receptors concentrate diversity in the third hypervariable region. For alpha:beta T-cell…
A: Antigens are substances that activate the immune system of the body. Antibodies are antigen-binding…
Q: Jak Jak 1. Receptors bind cytokines, dimerize, and bind Jaks 2. Jaks phosphorylate each other and…
A: Since you have posted multiple questions with multiple sub-parts, we will solve first three…
Q: PDGF 100 PI3K PI3K 50 GAPO 771 O GAP protein Paite PTP O1009 O PTP PI3K 740, 751 + GAP PTP 71 PLC…
A: The suppressor of DNA synthesis decreases the level of DNA synthesis while an enhancer of DNA…
Q: Why does a muscle cell express a different set of genies compared to a white blood cell? Why do…
A: The muscle cells and the white blood cells comprise different sets of genies depending on different…
Q: What would happen if the intracellular domain of a cellsurface receptor was switched with the domain…
A: Chemical signals are released by signalling cells in the form of small, usually volatile or soluble…
Q: Happened? (There are at least expla 2. Drugs with names that end in "-mab" consist of anti- bodies,…
A: Our immune system consists many cells and organs such as Thymus (T cells), Bone marrow (B cells),…
Q: Antibodies are effective against bacteria as well as viruses, but some bacteria produce an enzyme…
A: Antibody or immunoglobulin are a molecule that is secreted by the B-lymphocyte cells. It has a…
Q: TLRs activate NFkB, AP-1, and IRF transcription factors to induce the expression of inflammatory…
A: The activation of transcription factor such as NFkB, AP-1, and IRF is a complex mechanism involving…
Q: One important role of Fas and Fas ligand is to medi-ate the elimination of tumor cells by killer…
A: In multicellular organisms, cell death is mediated by two mechanisms: apoptosis and necrosis.…
Q: For many years it was a complete mystery howcytotoxic T cells could see a viral protein that seemed…
A: T and B cells are immune system lymphocytes that aid in the elicitation of an immune response…
Q: The mannose 6-phosphate receptor is located predominantly in endosomes and the TGN, but about 10% of…
A: (a)Mannose-6-phosphate (M6P) is labeled with lysosomal enzymes in the ER and binds to the M6P…
Q: Transformation of host cells by several DNA viruses requires inactivation of the cellular proteins…
A: DNA viruses are the type of viruses that have DNA, instead of RNA, as the genetic material. Some…
Q: Suppose that a particular species of vertebrate animal has immunoglobulin heavy-chain genes that…
A: ANSWER;-
Q: In rare instances, B cells can be found that have two immunoglobulin light chain alleles, both of…
A: When the B cells can be found which are having two immunoglobulin light chain alleles, both of them…
Q: Why Somatic Hyper Mutation takes place in B-Cells only and not in T-Cells?
A: Mechanism by which the immune system adapts to new foreign elements during class switching involving…
Q: NCR- ILC3 make up one of the most frequent ILC subsets in the human peripheral blood, while NCR+…
A: Innate immunity is that immunity which confers to the inbuilt immunity of the body. This immunity…
Q: B cells are specialized blood cells that secrete antibodies. Normally, human blood has millions of…
A: Human immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, organs, and the substances that helps…
Q: Portions of the cytoplasmic domain of many immune system receptors are targets for phosphorylation.…
A: Immunoglobulins are protein molecules with a variable and a constant region. The variable region is…
Q: When a mixture of different IgG antibody proteins are treated with the enzyme papain, each antibody…
A: Antibodies are immunoglobulin (Ig) glycoproteins generated by plasma cells (B cells) in response to…
Q: 1.Describe in detail the signal transduction pathway that leads to activation of either PKA, Kinase…
A: Signal transduction is the process by which a signal is transmitted that could be physical or…
Q: Binding of TGF-β to its receptors can elicit a variety of responses in different cell types. For…
A: TGF-1–3 are multifunctional growth factors that are exclusively found in mammals and are released…
Q: How do interleukins exert its therapeutic benefits inside the body By inhibiting tumor growth and…
A: There are two types of immunity: innate immunity and adaptive immunity. The immunity that is…
Q: Because of similarities between hypoxia associated with high altitude and COVID-19, some studies…
A: Hypoxia at high altitude : As altitude increases barometric pressure decreases . The concentration…
Q: GAP protein helps hydrolyze the GTP to GDP in RAS protein. Argenine 789 residue in GAP protein…
A: Hi! Thank you for the question. As you have posted a question with multiple subparts, I would be…
Q: What is the purpose of unfolded protein response? Steps of unfolded protein response that allow…
A: The unfolded protein response is a cellular stress response related to the endoplasmic reticulum…
Q: Polymorphism implies that each different MHCprotein binds a different peptide motif. For the…
A: Major Histocompatibility complex is a peptide found over the surface of leukocyte (WBC) cells which…
Q: 1. "Interferons (IFNs)‐α and ‐β are expressed in response to a virus infection and are released from…
A: Interferons inactivates protein synthesis in cells to block the viral replication.
Q: why does the activation of M-cdk also result in the activation of Cdc25? What is the mechanism…
A: Cell cycle checkpoints are regulatory systems present in the eukaryotic cell cycle. It guarantees…
Q: Which positions in immunoglobulin G are likely to have the highest mutation rates? Select all…
A: In the structure of immunoglobulin G the region marked 1,2 and 6,7 are known are complementary…
Q: Which is true of both internal signal-anchor sequences and nuclear localization signals?…
A: Nuclear localization signals (NLS) are generally short peptides that act as a signal fragment that…
Q: Part A (Short Response): You are developing a TGF-β agonist, but you don’t yet know which specific…
A: Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) depicts an innovative conserved family of secreted polypeptide…
Q: You extract the receptor binding domain protein and on testing, you realzie it does not elicit a…
A: Genetic material is nothing but the sequence of nucleic acids which is called as DNA. It contains…
Q: Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) is a powerful technique for separating cells according to…
A: Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) is a powerful technique for separating cells according to…
Q: Match the receptor in column A with its ligand in column B.
A: A ligand is a molecule that delivers a signal in process by binding to another specific molecule.…
Q: Which is most important in catalysis of peptidyl transfer? A Massively parallel sequencing data…
A: Peptidyl transferase is used in the process of translation where protein is synthesized. Proteins…
Q: Alefacept is a fusion protein that contains the CD2-binding domain of LFA3 fused to human IgG1, and…
A: 3. Alefacept does not deplete all effector or memory T cells, just a subset
Q: Immunostaining was used to investigate the expression of the Fibrillin 1 gene in muscle fibres. Two…
A: Immunostaining is a process of staining proteins by antibodies that are covalently linked to an…
Q: Which of the following statements regarding the process of differential splicing of primary RNA…
A: Immunoglobulins are also called antibodies, which are glycoprotein molecules that are made by plasma…
On phagocytes and other cells, (?????) are receptors classified as part of the innate immune system that detect molecular motifs not usually found in humans, such as double stranded RNA or lipopolysaccharide and trigger an immune response.
![](/static/compass_v2/shared-icons/check-mark.png)
Step by step
Solved in 2 steps
![Blurred answer](/static/compass_v2/solution-images/blurred-answer.jpg)
- Poliovirus is highly cytopathic both in cultured cells and in animals. Inoculation of mice with poliovirus leads to a robust antibody and cellular response. Explain why mice infected with a poliovirus mutant that cannot cause cell death have poor antibody and cellular responses. What would be one strategy to restore robust antibody and cellular responses in mice infected with this mutant virus?The small fragments of some complement proteins initiate a local inflammatory response. Recent studies using mouse models of pulmonary inflammation (a model for human asthma) have found that mice deficient in the C3a receptor have greatly reduced disease symptoms when challenged with inhaled preparations containing extracts of the fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus. Specifically, the C3a receptor-deficient mice showed reduced influx of granulocytes and lymphocytes into the lung and reduced fluid in the lung after challenge. What is the explanation for these findings?Immune cells from the innate immunity arm are capable of participating in adaptive immunity. describe how it is possible for innate immune cells to contribute to adaptive immunity?
- Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) is an important cytokine used by immune cells to initiate and coordinate inflammatory responses. Inflammation is a key response to cell damage or infection, but can, in some diseases, spiral out of control and become more of a problem than the original cause (COVID-19 lung damage is a relevant example...). TNF-α receptors exist on many cell types. Let’s study the interaction between TNF-α (T) and its receptor (R), to form an activated complex C: T + R ↔ C A macrophage is measured to have ~105 TNF-α receptors on its surface. If the macrophage is immersed in a high concentration of TNF-α molecules (i.e. L0 ≅ L), how will the number of activated receptors change over time? Plot this trend for the case L0 =10 nM, kf=106 M-1 min-1, kr=0.1 min-1. There is constant ligand concentration and an initial condition of C0 = 0. We are given the constants needed to model the number of activated receptors over time and can use the following equation:Neutralizing antibodies are effective at preventing infection or toxicity mediated by pathogens or their toxic products. In fact, nearly all vaccines currently in use function by eliciting neutralizing antibodies. One example is the tetanus vaccine, in which neutralizing antibodies are generated against an inactivated form of the tetanus toxin (the tetanus toxoid). The most important feature of a neutralizing antibody is having high affinity for the antigen. being efficient at activating the complement cascade. having a high degree of multivalency, such as being a pentamer or hexamer of immunoglobulin monomers. being present at a high concentration in the circulation. 0 0 0 0T cells and B cells have many similarities in how they produce their highly diverse repertoire of antigen receptors, but one important difference between them is that B cell receptors can undergo somatic hypermutation to alter their affinity for antigen. This is known as ‘affinity maturation’, and the result is that the pool of B cells specific for a particular microbe will increase their binding affinity. T cells do not engage in either somatic hypermutation or affinity maturation. Why not? What potential harm could come from allowing T cells to alter the affinity of their TCRs after they have already left the thymus and have become activated in a lymph node or spleen?
- A mutant B cell line is examined by confocal microscopy after incubation with a microbial pathogen recognized by the BCR on these B cells. The B cells have been stained with antibodies to visualize the localization of polymerized actin and microtubules. As a control, wild-type B cells are examined. The results are shown in the figure below, with the numbers indicating the proportion of cells examined that show each pattern of staining. To identify the specific signaling defect in these mutant B cells, a reasonable biochemical assay would be to: Determine if BCR stimulation of mutant B cells produces enhanced binding of the B cell to the microbe Determine whether the mutant B cells have reduced levels of the enzyme Protein kinase C-q Determine whether the mutant B cells are overexpressing the enzyme Vav Determine whether BCR stimulation of mutant B cells promotes exchange of GDP for GTP on cdc42 Determine whether BCR stimulation of mutant B cells produces increased levels of DAGFor many years it was a complete mystery howcytotoxic T cells could see a viral protein that seemed to bepresent only in the nucleus of the virus-infected cell. Theanswer was revealed in a classic paper that took advan-tage of a clone of T cells whose T cell receptor was directedagainst an antigen assoicated with the nuclear protein ofthe 1968 strain of influenza virus. The authors of the paperfound that when they incubated high concentrations ofcertain peptides derived from the viral nuclear protein, thecells became sensitive to lysis by subsequent incubationwith the cytotoxic T cells. Using various peptides from the1968 strain and the 1934 strain (with which the cytotoxic Tcells did not react), the authors defined the particular pep-tide responsible for the T cell response (Figure Q24–1).A. Which part of the viral protein gives rise to thepeptide that is recognized by the clone of cytotoxic T cells? Why do not all viral peptides sensitize the target cells forlysis by the cytotoxic T…Some viruses have mechanisms to down-regulate MHC class I protein expression on the surface of cells in which the virus is replicating. This immune evasion strategy might prevent effector CD8 cytotoxic T cells from recognizing and killing the virus-infected cells. Would this immune evasion strategy also prevent the initial activation of virus-specific CD8 T cells? Yes, because no viral peptide:MHC class I complexes would form to activate CD8 T cells. No, because dendritic cells would take up infected cells and cross-present viral peptides to activate CD8 T cells. No, because some presentation of MHC class I complexes with viral peptides would occur before the virus could down-regulate all the surface MHC class I protein. Yes, because this immune evasion strategy would also function in dendritic cells, even if the virus doesn’t replicate in dendritic cells. No, because the type I interferon response induced by the virus infection will up-regulate MHC class I expression and override the…
- Mannose binding lectins (MBL) and ficolins are the two classes of proteins that can initiate the lectin pathway of complement activation. These proteins are selective for activating complement on the surfaces of microbial pathogens rather than host cells because: Their higher-order oligomeric structure can be assembled only after the monomers first bind to pathogen membranes. They only recruit MASP (MBL-associated serine proteases) proteins when bound to pathogen surfaces and not when bound to host cells. They only undergo the conformational change needed to activate MASP proteins when bound to a pathogen and not when bound to a host cell. They only bind to carbohydrate side chains and oligosaccharide modifications found on pathogen surfaces but not on host cell membranes. The activated MASP proteins are rapidly inactivated by hydrolysis when present on the surface of a host cell.What does innate mean? How is the innate immune system different from the adaptive immune system? Compare the strategies of innate immunity with strategies of adaptive immunity. Give specific examples. How do vaccines protect us from diseases? Which cells in the immune system become activated after the injection? Your answer should be written as 2 or more paragraphs with a total word count of 400 or more.Virus infections induce production of interferons that act on infected cells to enhance their recognition by CD8 cytotoxic T cells. To counter these mechanisms, viruses often encode proteins that interfere with antigen processing and presentation. In an experiment, cells infected with Virus X are treated with interferon and compared with uninfected cells treated with interferon. Proteasomes are isolated from the two cell populations and their enzymatic activities are compared. The data in figure below show the amino acid preferences for cleavage of peptides by the two samples of proteasomes. Based on these data, Virus X most likely encodes a protein that interferes with: The expression of MHC class I on the surface of the infected cell The rate at which peptides are produced from intact proteins in the infected cell The transport of peptides from the cytosol to the endoplasmic reticulum in the infected cell The replacement of constitutive proteasome subunits with immunoproteasome…
![Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems (MindTap …](https://www.bartleby.com/isbn_cover_images/9781285866932/9781285866932_smallCoverImage.gif)
![Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems (MindTap …](https://www.bartleby.com/isbn_cover_images/9781285866932/9781285866932_smallCoverImage.gif)