The innate immune system has to be able to detect foreign invaders.  Explain two ways that the innate immune system is able to detect these foreign invaders to allow a response to be mounted.

Q: IgM antibodies are much more efficient than IgG at activating the complement cascade. However, under…

A: IgG and IgM are types of antibodies produced by the immune system in response to an infection. The…

Q: Adaptive immune responses are slow to develop, taking days to weeks after exposure to reach their…

A: Immunity It is a resistance acquired by a host towards an injury causing microbes or overall ability…

Q: The current estimate is that mammalian B cells are capable of producing 1,010 different…

A: Immunoglobulins are composed of four polypeptide chains out of which two are heavy chains and two…

Q: Which of the following is a component of the first line of defense in the innate defense system?…

A: Immune system in our body is a complex biological system that plays a major role in recognizing the…

Q: Some pathogenic microorganisms encode proteins, such as the Staphylococcus Protein A, that bind to…

A: Microorganisms are those small organisms that are invisible to the normal naked eye and can be seen…

Q: 1a) LIST and DESCRIBE at least 5 Molecules and Cell types that are shared and interconnect the…

A: From a functional standpoint, the immune system is made up of two distinct but interacting and…

Q: Describe the binding site for superantigens on T cells andAPCs. How does this relate to the…

A: Step 1 Superantigens are microbial protein. The size of superantigens is of 22-29 Daltons in size…

Q: link between the innate immunity and adaptive immunity is formed

A: Immunity is the resistance to disease. The two important components of immunity are innate and…

Q: major cause of septic shock is the presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from bacteria in the blood.…

A: Septic shock has high modidity and mortality rate due to its effect on circulation in the body which…

Q: A patient has contracted an upper respiratory infection caused by a virus. Her initial adaptive…

A: Immunity is the body’s ability to resist and eliminate the potential harmful foreign invaders to…

Q: A mouse is infected with staphylococcal bacteria through a laceration in the skin of its paw.…

A: Dendritic cells are important immune system regulators. They act as a bridge between the innate and…

Q: The human immune system has a variety of ways to protect us from pathogens, including innate and…

A: The immune system is a collection of biological mechanisms that defends an organism against illness.…

Q: Immune systems of animals are very complex.  For an animal's immune system to work properly, certain…

A: It is a multiple choice question about animal immune system.

Q: You are analyzing the immune response of an ill patient. The patient's serum contains low levels of…

A: Understanding the particular components of the resistant reaction is vital for diagnosing and…

Q: adaptive immune response

A: Immunity : The ability of the host to fight against the disease causing organism i.e., pathogen…

Q: What is the explanation for the results in Rows 1–4 of the table?. Why does the T cell response to…

A: T lymphocyte is a kind of leukocyte (white blood cell) that plays an important role in the immune…

Q: high

A: In sensitized individuals, on the surface of tissue cells (basophils and mast cells) the IgE…

Q: To study the immune responses that provide protection against tumor growth in mice, some…

A: Cytokines are immunological molecules present in biological systems that are important for cell…

Q: Which proteins involved in the activation of T cells have the capacity for transduction without the…

A: For the activation of T-cell, there are three types of proteins which come into play:- MHC proteins…

Q: Which of the following is true about innate immune system? Check all that apply. PAMPs recognize…

A: Introduction  Immunity is an ability of an organism to fight against a particular infection. There…

Q: Which of the following is NOT a mechanism used by the immune system to fight multicellular…

A: Immunology is a section of biology that studies molecules, cells, and organs that build up the…

Q: From the list below, select all the examples that of defense that ARE NOT considered part of the…

A: Hypersensitive Response: The hypersensitive response (HR) is a plant defense mechanism that involves…

Q: shows the directed migration of two immune cell types, neutrophils (red) and macrophages (green) to…

A: Immune cells are the sort of cells that emerge from stem cells in the bone marrow and mature into…

Q: Can a mature B Cell produce an epitope-specific antibody first and then switch to make an antibody…

A: Since we only answer one question at a time, therefore, we are answering the first question listed…

Q: role of the innate immune system in initiating the acquired immune response.

A: Innate and acquired immunity Immunity is the ability of the body to fight diseases. Innate immunity…

Q: Which of the following is true about innate immune system? Check all that apply. Rig-I-like…

A: Innate Immune system It refers to the non-specific immunity that individuals are born with. It is…

Q: What part of defense would likely be affected if the pathogen contained a mutation in it's…

A: Pathogens are the organisms which upon entering in to the  host causes infectious diseases.…

Q: The figure below shows the characteristic pattern of Ca2+ influx in the red line (wild-type; WT),…

A: Antigen-specific activation of T lymphocytes, via stimulation of the T-cell substance receptor (TCR)…

Q: In vertebrates, complement activation generally involves a pathogen recognition step followed by a…

A: Complement System --- Complement system is a part of immune system known as innate immune system…

Q: It's the first day of university exams and Sarah has woken up with a sore throat, headache, muscle…

A: Viral infection-The infection which is caused by the virus is called viral infection. There are…

Q: The B-cell co-receptor, composed of CD19/CD21/CD81, is a receptor that binds to complement fragments…

A: A co-receptor is a type of cell surface receptor that functions by binding a signaling molecule in…

Q: Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome is an immunodeficiency disease due to mutations in the gene encoding WASp.…

A: Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome: Eczema, thrombocytopenia (low platelet count), immunological dysfunction,…

Q: Toll-like receptors represent an ancient pathogen-recognition system. The first pattern recognition…

A: The recent advancement of science has led to the discovery of the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) that…

Q: Ehrlich's original idea of the selective theory for lymphocyte specificity postulated that a…

A: Ehrlich's original idea of the selective theory, also known as the side-chain theory, suggested that…

Immunology

Immunology is the division of science involved with the immune reactions occurring in living organisms. The organisms are accustomed to evolving internal defense mechanisms to evade the invasion of microbial pathogens. Diverse cells are connected with stimulating the immune responses, which produce inhospitable conditions to the microbes prompting their lysis and thus inhibits the multiplication of the pathogens. The immune system can distinguish the pathogens through the aid of cellular intercommunication and launch responses to destroy them.