Consider the following simplified diagram of a signal transduction pathway that regulates programmed cell death in mammalian cells. Assume that this diagram represents the behavior of a single cell within an organism. Key: TNF and SF are circulating in the plasma; TNFR = TNF receptor; SFR = SF receptor. Based on the regulatory network described above, state whether mutations that knockout each of the following proteins would either increase apoptosis or decrease apoptosis. TNF Bcl2 INH EFF SFR AKT TNFR SF

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A: Apoptosis  Apoptosis is the programmed death of cell in multicellular organisms.

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Cell Signaling

It allows cells to perform various cellular activities, coordinate, and interact with other cells. All cells of an organism receive signals from their environments and respond accordingly. Even the unicellular eukaryotes receive signals secreted by other cells and respond. In the case of yeast, mating takes place by signaling between the yeast cells. Communication by cell signaling in a multicellular organism has become a vast and important part of various fields of biology.