(i) Explain the role of Ras.GTP and Rac.GTP in the formation of active AP-1 during T- cell activation. (ii) Cadmium ions have been shown to be selective blockers of membrane calcium channels. Suppose T lymphocytes are cultured in the presence of cadmium chloride, explain what happens to TCR-triggered signal transduction.

Q: IgM antibodies are much more efficient than IgG at activating the complement cascade. However, under…

A: IgG and IgM are types of antibodies produced by the immune system in response to an infection. The…

Q: What determines if a T-cell will become a gamma:delta or alpha:beta T-cell? Select one: O a. The…

A: Introduction T-cells are the immune cells which develop into the Thymus. These are important in…

Q: Explain the multifaceted role of interferons as first responders to viral infection: What types of…

A: Introduction: - interferons usually belongs to the glycoproteins of low molecular weight. These…

Q: Why do you think antibodies against the N-terminal domain (NTD) provide protection against SARS-CoV2…

A: During infection, SARS CoV-2's spike glycoprotein binds with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)…

Q: Describe post-translational modifications and protein-protein interactions that occur and play role…

A: Immunology is the branch of biology that helps in the study of the immune system. It also involves…

Q: The white blood cells known as T lymphocytes respond to antigens thatbind specifi cally to the T…

A: The TCR (T-cell receptor) is a heterodimer composed of two transmembrane protein subunits called α…

Q: Naive T cells are isolated and left untreated or treated with ‘compound X’ for 1 hour. Following…

A: Answer. Cytokines are low-molecular-weight globulins/glycoproteins, non-immunoglobulin in nature,…

Q: Innate lymphoid cells (ILCS), implicated in tissue repair and maintenance of barrier integrity, are…

A: Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) form a distinct effector lymphocyte family of the innate immune system…

Q: complement

A: Option D is answer .    The presentation of the antigens to the T helper cells for their activation…

Q: Describe the binding site for superantigens on T cells andAPCs. How does this relate to the…

A: Step 1 Superantigens are microbial protein. The size of superantigens is of 22-29 Daltons in size…

Q: major cause of septic shock is the presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from bacteria in the blood.…

A: Septic shock has high modidity and mortality rate due to its effect on circulation in the body which…

Q: Identify which of the following is not a characteristic of belatacept. a. contains part of CTLA4…

A: Belatacept is a new immunosuppressive therapy designed that improves the clinical outcomes of kidney…

Q: A number of minor cancerous cells and infected viruses, such as Epstein Barr (EBV), are able to go…

A: Cytotoxic T cells or cytotoxic T lymphocytes are the type of T lymphocytes that plays a role in…

Q: Antibodies can have multiple mechanisms of action. The main mechanism is "flagging" a foreign body…

A: Antibodies are immunoglobulin proteins that are produced by the immune system as a result of the…

Q: Successful synthesis of a rearranged b chain allows the production of a pre-T-cell receptor that…

A: T cell receptors have alpha and beta chains. Both of these chains consists of a constant region and…

Q: The five classes of immunoglobulin differ in ….   Select one: a. None of the above b. Ability to…

A: Immunoglobulins are the antibodies that are produced from B-lymphocytes of plasma cells.…

Q: T-cell receptor signaling leads to enhanced integrin-mediated cell adhesion.  T-Cell Receptor…

A: According to the question, a graph has been displayed which demonstrates that T cell Receptor…

Q: For immunoglobulin heavy and light chain genes, and for T-cell receptor b chain genes, there are a…

A: The T-cell receptors are present on the surface of the T-cells also known as T-lymphocytes. They…

Q: Based on the data shown in chart, titled IL-2 Response by Macrophages that express TLR-XX would you…

A: Introduction :- Macrophages are a type of white blood cell, also known as immune cells, that play an…

Q: Three major cell types, dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells, present peptides bound to MHC…

A: In the human body, the resistance against the entry of any foreign particle or antigens is executed…

Q: RAE1 molecules are expressed by stressed cells, including some tumor cells. What would be the…

A: RAE1 (Retinoic acid early inducible 1) is a protein that is expressed by stressed cells, including…

Q: 1- B cell clones undergo somatic hypermutation in which structure? Group of answer choices A) Thymic…

A: Progenitor cells are types of stem cells that are able to differentiate into specialized cell types.…

Q: Which of the following statements about Notch 1 is correct? (Select all that apply.) Select one or…

A: Concept used :  Notch 1 gene    Definitions required -  Notch 1 gene :  Notch one is a gene that…

Q: Consider the mTOR pathway described below. Which of the following would be an example of negative…

A: The mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) signaling pathway is a critical cellular pathway that…

Q: To study the immune responses that provide protection against tumor growth in mice, some…

A: Cytokines are immunological molecules present in biological systems that are important for cell…

Q: Describe post-translational modifications and protein-protein interactions that occur and play role…

A: Immunity is defined as the inherent ability of the body to fight against diseases/infectious…

Q: For many years it was a complete mystery howcytotoxic T cells could see a viral protein that seemed…

A: T and B cells are immune system lymphocytes that aid in the elicitation of an immune response…

Q: Basal cell carcinoma arises from inappropriate activation of the Hedgehog pathway. Which of the…

A: Basal cell carcinoma is a type of skin cancer. Basal cell carcinoma begins in the basal cells is a…

Q: NCR- ILC3 make up one of the most frequent ILC subsets in the human peripheral blood, while NCR+…

A: Innate immunity is that immunity which confers to the inbuilt immunity of the body. This immunity…

Q: Please outline the general steps you would take to test your hypothesis that SIN-47 works by…

A: Hypothesis: SIN-47 works by disrupting the interaction between LEK2 and JAK4.

Q: Why are CD8+/αβT-cells important? Explain the function of the mature activated CD8+/αβT-cell and…

A: White blood cells also called leukocytes, are the cells of the immune system that are involved in…

Q: trigger

A: The process of programmed cell death is called apoptosis. Apoptosis aids in the prevention of…

Q: 1:Describe the various stages of T cells and the events that occur during each of these stages…

A: The development of T cells, a sort of white blood cell, is a complex prepare that happens within the…

Q: How do T cells, NK cells and macrophages recognize and destroy cells?

A: Our body is defended against various attacks, internal as well as external by a very specialised…

Q: Unlike naive T lymphocytes, Select one: a. memory T lymphocytes obtain energy from glycolysis. b.…

A: Naïve T cells are precursors of the memory and effector T cell and naïve T cells do not produce any…

Cell Signaling

It allows cells to perform various cellular activities, coordinate, and interact with other cells. All cells of an organism receive signals from their environments and respond accordingly. Even the unicellular eukaryotes receive signals secreted by other cells and respond. In the case of yeast, mating takes place by signaling between the yeast cells. Communication by cell signaling in a multicellular organism has become a vast and important part of various fields of biology.