Poliovirus is highly cytopathic both in cultured cells and in animals. Inoculation of mice with poliovirus leads to a robust antibody and cellular response. Explain why mice infected with a poliovirus mutant that cannot cause cell death have poor antibody and cellular responses. What would

Q: The loopy polypeptide segments at the very top of the structure shown are the segments that actually…

A: Antibodies and antibody-derived molecules have authenticated themselves as the main protein-based…

Q: Would you predict that TLR-XX is able to recognize other types of Gram-negative bacteria, in…

A: TLRs are pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that play an important role in the recognition of…

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A: Microorganisms are those small organisms that are invisible to the normal naked eye and can be seen…

Q: On phagocytes and other cells, (?????) are receptors classified as part of the innate immune system…

A: The defense mechanism you were born with is called innate immunity, or nonspecific immunity. It…

Q: Why is it important that cell surface markers be similar when transplanting donor tissue into a…

A: Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) typing is used to match patients and donors for organ transplants. Our…

Q: Use the following choices for the next set of questions. A choice may be used zero or more times:…

A: In molecular biology, CD4 is a glycoprotein that acts as a co-receptor for the T-cell receptor.…

Q: What would be the consequence of a failure to express CD40 ligand by CD4+ T helper cells?

A: INTRODUCTION   CD40L (gp39) is a 33 kDa protein almost exclusively expressed by activated CD4+ T…

Q: Describe the binding site for superantigens on T cells andAPCs. How does this relate to the…

A: Step 1 Superantigens are microbial protein. The size of superantigens is of 22-29 Daltons in size…

Q: The experiment shown in thefigure below uses two strains of mice that differ in their MHC genes.…

A: An efficient adaptive immune system requires the TCR's capacity to distinguish aliens from…

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A: Translocation is a process in which a part of the chromosomes is separated and joints with the other…

Q: 33) During maturation, B cells expand their endoplasmic reticulum. What is the function of this?" A)…

A: What is the role of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)? ER is a single membrane folded structure linked…

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A: Dendritic cells are important immune system regulators. They act as a bridge between the innate and…

Q: (a) Identify both the cellular component and the location of the component that is responsible for…

A: Luciferase reporter produces luminescence. If cells contain a luciferase vector, the luminescent…

Q: We now have at least three SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 vaccines approved by the FDA for use in the United…

A: The vaccines are: 1. Pfizer-BioNTech – Authorized on December 11, 2020 2. Moderna – Authorized on…

Q: Borrelia hermsii is a spirochete bacterium, transmitted by tick bites, that causes an illness…

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Q: Based on the data shown in chart, titled IL-2 Response by Macrophages that express TLR-XX would you…

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A: Mycobacterium: Mycobacterium is a genus of aerobic, acid-fast, gram-positive bacteria. There are…

Q: The tertiary structure of gp120 is shown below. Please describe the protein (make sure to cover…

A: The primary structure of gp120 is the sequence of amino acids that make up the protein. This…

Q: Splitting the complement protein (C3) into C3a and C3b as a result of contact with the Fc region of…

A: The complement system is a collection of more than 20 proteins that circulate in blood and tissue…

Q: 1- B cell clones undergo somatic hypermutation in which structure? Group of answer choices A) Thymic…

A: Progenitor cells are types of stem cells that are able to differentiate into specialized cell types.…

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A: The complement pathway is a complicated process that aids in the eradication or suppression of…

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A: Cytokines are immunological molecules present in biological systems that are important for cell…

Q: Can you compare and contrast the infection process of influenza and HIV? What are the specific…

A: Virus can be referred to as a genetic material enveloped by a protein coat that can infect and…

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A: Immunoglobulin is a specialized protein that helps in immunity. This is a Y-shaped tetramer…

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A: introduction CMB is the study of cells and the macromolecules (DNA, RNA, protein, lipids,…

Q: Which antibody type description among A-D is falsely characterized? A) OIGA: form dimers; prevent…

A: All antibodies are secreted by the B-cells.  Antibodies are classified into 5 main classes i.e IgG,…

Viral Infections

Viruses are abundantly found, minute entities that have genetic material enclosed within a protein coat. The proteinaceous material enclosing the genetic material of the virus is called a capsid. The genetic material could be either DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) or RNA (ribonucleic acid). A virus is too minute to be looked at with naked eyes and therefore visualized with the help of a microscope. They are acellular entities that require a host for processes, such as replication, transcription, translation and multiplication. Plants, animals, and bacteria act as host wherein the virus reproduce. Viruses cannot multiply outside the host's body and thus are considered nonliving outside the host body.