Antibodies produced by one's own immune system can last up to about six months in the bloodstream, but monoclonals delivered in passive immunization often last for less than a week. Why the difference?
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Researchers can make monoclonal antibodies by immunizing a mouse with a molecule (or with a microorganism). The resulting antibody-mediated response produces a set of antibodies that recognize different parts of the molecule. The mouse's B cells are then harvested from its spleen and fused with cancerous B cells from a myeloma cell line. The resulting hybrid myeloma ("hybridoma") cells are cloned: Individual cells are grown in tissue culture as separate cell lines. Each cell line produces and secretes antibodies that recognize one part of the immunizing molecule. These antibodies are called monoclonal antibodies, and they can be purified and used for research or other purposes. Monoclonal antibodies are effective for passive immunization, but only in the immediate term. Antibodies produced by one's own immune system can last up to about six months in the bloodstream, but monoclonals delivered in passive immunization often last for less than a week. Why the difference?
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- In relation to immunotechnology, answer the following: A- Answer the following in relation to Hybridoma technology: → What is the cancer cell line name used in hybridoma technology? → Give an example of murine Monocolonal Antibody produced by hybridoma technology? B- Give ONE main difference between: Murine MABs and fully human MABs? and explain the reason behind developing different forms of Monoclonal antibodies (chimeric MABs, humanized MABs, and fully human MABs) C- You are in an internship in one major Hospital, You were in rotation with a clinical pharmacist in oncology section and you came over a breast cancer patient. The personal doctor was making a quick visit to the patient to make sure the patient is following the therapeutic protocol and the treatment is running smoothly. The doctor wrote in the prescription sheet “Trastuzumab” to be dispensed by the In Patient Pharmacy, when the clinical pharmacist saw this he advised the doctor politely to use the…Which of the following is NOT true about the production of monoclonal antibodies? what option below is the answer? Monoclonal antibodies can be used in diagnostic lab tests Hybrid cells proliferate into hybridomas that grow continuously in culture to produce antibodies Spleen cells hybridize with myeloma cells (cancerous B cells) in culture Spleen cells are harvested from mice that were immunized with an antigen Each hybridoma clone produces antibodies against several different antigensWhat is monoclonal antibodies? How it can be categorized. (Subject: Biotechnology)
- Regarding the production of monoclonal antibodies, it is CORRECT to state that: * A) Hybridomas are cells generated from the fusion of myeloma cells and cells from animals challenged with the antigen of interest that have the ability to produce antibodies and limited cell proliferation. B) All hybrid cells generated from the fusion of cells from the challenged animal and cells of the myeloma lineage will have the ability to produce antibodies reactive against the antigen of interest. C) The HAT selection medium contains aminopterin, which is an efficient inhibitor of the thymidine kinase metabolic pathway, thus eliminating myeloma cells that are not fused or fused with other cells of the same kind. D) The HAT selection medium contains hypoxanthine, which is an efficient inhibitor of the nucleotide synthesis salvage pathway, thus eliminating cells from the challenged animal that are not fused or fused with other identical cells. E) Hybridomas will produce antibodies with the…Flow cytometry analysis was performed on the blood of an individual known to have been recently exposed to both rhinovirus (RV) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb; an intracellular bacterial pathogen). Although an effective T cell response against RV was detected, a T cell response against M.tb was absent. Subsequently, genetic testing was performed, and the individual was found to possess two mutations. Below, indicate the MOST LIKELY mutations. A. T-bet; IL-12 B. CD28: IL-2Ra C. RORyT: IL-17 D. CD3: CD4You are in the process of developing a monoclonal antibody against an Influenza virus spike protein "H7." You have isolated the B cells producing antibodies against the viral H7 protein and fused those specific B cells with a unique kind of mutant myeloma cells. The myeloma cells can't make any of the three following enzymes; dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), thymidine kinase (TK), and hypoxanthine-guanosine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT). The mutant unfused myeloma cells are grown in the laboratory in a nucleotide supplemented medium. For selecting the hybridomas, you have used a modified medium HT that does not contain any aminopterin but contains hypoxanthine and thymidine. Which of the following result do you expect to see from your experiment, and what problem you may encounter in the future after the hybridoma selection?
- Tuberculosis is a chronic respiratory condition caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a high contagious bacterium. People with tuberculosis will often have a persistent (sometimes bloody) cough, fatigue, weight loss, and fever. M. tuberculosis produces a protein we will call “X”. A new test for tuberculosis checks for X antibodies in a person’s blood. If the antibodies are present, the result is “positive.” Why would X antibodies be present in someone’s blood? What specific kind of cells would produce them?Tuberclosis is a chronic respiratory condition caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a highly contagious bacterium. People with tuberculosis will often have a persistent (sometimes bloody) cough, fatigue, weight loss, and fever. M. tuberculosis produces a protein we will call "X." A new test for tuberculosis checks for X antibodies in a person's blood. If the antibodies are present, the result is positive. Why would X antibodies be present in someone's blood What specific kind of cells would produce them?Borrelia hermsii is a spirochete bacterium, transmitted by tick bites, that causes an illness characterized by a relapsing fever. The bacteria enter the host bloodstream and replicate there. Studies in mice show that episodes of bacteremia (bacteria in the blood) are efficiently controlled by anti-bacterial antibodies, but interestingly, follicular B cells are not required for this response, nor is the response impaired by splenectomizing the mice (i.e., removing the spleen). Which B cells are most likely responsible for this antibody response?
- Which of the following statement(s) about DNA vaccines is(are) NOT true? Check all that apply. A.) DNA vaccines are an example of "ex vivo" vaccination; cells are removed from the body, transfected with DNA expressing the antigen(s) of interest, and then the cells are returned to the body. B.) DNA vaccines can be used to immunize with multiple different antigens. C.) DNA vaccines only stimulate B cell responses. D.) DNA vaccines only stimulate T cell responses. DNA vaccines alone often result in poor immunogenicityIn relation to immunotechnology, answer the following: A- Answer the following in relation to Hybridoma technology: → What is the cancer cell line name used in hybridoma technology?picture 1 shows the directed migration of two immune cell types, neutrophils (red) and macrophages (green) to a laser-induced injury in the ear of a mouse. As you can observe from the video, there are three stages to this process: 1) an initial phase characterized by fast recruitment of neutrophils (red) to the site of injury followed by 2) the slower recruitment of macrophages after which 3) the interaction between both cell types is stabilized. Recruitment to the injury site is mediated by leukotriene B4 (LTB4), a potent immune signaling molecule (Figure 1A). LTB4 binds to BLT1, a G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR), activating various signaling pathways and resulting in immune cell migration to the site of injury (Figure 1B). With this background information and your knowledge of cell and molecular biology, describe in detail in your own words, as many molecular processes as you can identify that must take place for the cell migration process depicted in the video to be achieved. For…