All of the following statements regarding immunoglobulin gene rearrangement are true except a. Non-B cells retain their chromatin containing the immunoglobulin loci in a ‘closed’ configuration. b. T-cells never transcribe immunoglobulin genes. c. There is only one promoter on the heavy-chain locus that is 5ʹ of the V segments. d. Pax-5, a transcription factor, interacts with enhancer sequences positioned 3ʹ of the heavy-chain C-region genes. e. Transcription of immunoglobulin loci precedes gene rearrangement.

Q: Which of the following statements about innate lymphoid cells is true? (ONE ANSWER)   Require the…

A: Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are immune cells that lack a specific antigen receptor but can produce…

Q: What determines if a T-cell will become a gamma:delta or alpha:beta T-cell? Select one: O a. The…

A: Introduction T-cells are the immune cells which develop into the Thymus. These are important in…

Q: Match the following conditions with the expected state of primary human cells grown in culture for…

A: The process through which cells are cultivated under controlled circumstances, typically outside of…

Q: Developing B cells that fail to make productive D to J heavy-chain rearrangements on both homologous…

A: B cells get matured in the bone marrow or in the lymph node. Mature B cells express antibodies on…

Q: Which of the following might explain why some individuals lack the ability to make enough T-cells?…

A: T-cells are generally one kind of lymphocyte and one of the crucial parts of white blood cells.…

Q: All of the following are examples of how tumors or the microenvironment in which they develop…

A: Tumor cells are able to stimulate specific adaptive immune responses. However, most frequently these…

Q: Describe the steps for immunoglobulin heavy chain class switching from IgM to IgG. Are the events…

A: Immunoglobulin class switching, also known as isotype switching, isotypic commutation, or…

Q: Linked recognition is best described as _____. a. the delivery of the co-stimulatory signal by…

A: Humoral immunity involves the activation of lymphocytes (B and T lymphocytes) to provide defence…

Q: A patient has contracted an upper respiratory infection caused by a virus. Her initial adaptive…

A: Immunity is the body’s ability to resist and eliminate the potential harmful foreign invaders to…

Q: Ataxia-telangiectasis (ATM) is a rare genetic neurodegenerative disease. About 20% of people with…

A: Ataxia-telangiectasia ( A-T) is caused by mutations in the ATM (ATM serine/threonine kinase or…

Q: (a) Identify both the cellular component and the location of the component that is responsible for…

A: Luciferase reporter produces luminescence. If cells contain a luciferase vector, the luminescent…

Q: 6. The function of allelic exclusion is an increase in the ................of antibodies?.…

A: Introduction :- One allele of a gene is expressed while the other allele is silenced through the…

Q: Which of the following events is not associated with the establishment of allelic exclusion of…

A: Answer is A.) active transcription of RAG1 and RAG2.

Q: For immunoglobulin heavy and light chain genes, and for T-cell receptor b chain genes, there are a…

A: The T-cell receptors are present on the surface of the T-cells also known as T-lymphocytes. They…

Q: D. TH17 17. Down regulation of ..............allow naïve T cells to enter lymph nodes? B. B7 C.…

A: T cells These are white blood cells that belong to the adaptive immune system. These cells play a…

Q: Entanercept is a pharmaceutical that is composed of a recombinant receptor for human tumor necrosis…

A: Etanercept is a type of drug known as biological therapy. In rheumatoid arthritis and some other…

Q: _______ involves successive rearrangement at the lightchain loci when reactivity to self antigen…

A: Answer is a.) Receptor Editing.

Q: Dysfunctional repair of DNA double strand breaks often results in SCID because: thoose all that…

A: SCID stands for severe combined immunodeficiency disease.SCID is caused by adenosine deaminase (ADA)…

Q: A metabolically stressed epithelial cell expresses the protein MICits surface and then interacts…

A: NK cells are activated as an early event during an immune response and does not require the need for…

Q: 1- B cell clones undergo somatic hypermutation in which structure? Group of answer choices A) Thymic…

A: Progenitor cells are types of stem cells that are able to differentiate into specialized cell types.…

Q: Which of the following is not a possible mechanism for autoimmunity? Select one: A. Abnormal…

A: The immune system protects the body against illnesses and infections. It is composed of several…

Q: Humans with defective expression of the integrin LFA-1 have an immunodeficiency disease…

A: Introduction : The ability of the body to defend against pathogens is referred to as immunity. It…

Q: Which of the following statements about Notch 1 is correct? (Select all that apply.) Select one or…

A: Concept used :  Notch 1 gene    Definitions required -  Notch 1 gene :  Notch one is a gene that…

Q: Match the stage of B cell development with the rearrangement or expression of immunoglobulin genes.…

A: B cell development begins in the fetal liver and continues in the bone marrow throughout our lives.…

Q: All of the following are morphologic characteristics that can be seen reactive lymhpocytes, except:

A: Reactive lymphocytes  Reactive lymphocytes are large immune stimulated cells which fight with…

Q: In B cells, what mechanism ensures that only rearranged V genes are transcribed?

A: A gene (from genos (Greek) which means generation or birth or sex) is a basic unit of heredity and a…

Q: To study the immune responses that provide protection against tumor growth in mice, some…

A: Cytokines are immunological molecules present in biological systems that are important for cell…

Q: Explain how site-specific recombination of the κ light-chain gene increases antibody diversity.

A: The immune system of the body is responsible for protecting an individual against the attack of…

Q: Suppose that a particular species of vertebrate animal has immunoglobulin heavy-chain genes that…

A: ANSWER;-

Q: All of the following events occur within germinal centers except

A: Germinal centre It is abbreviated as GC and is a special type of structure formed in lymphoid and…

Q: Individuals who express HLA-B27 are 90 times more likely to develop the autoimmune disorder…

A: HLA-B27 is called human leukocyte antigen B27 (HLA-B27). Human leukocyte antigens (HLAs) are…

Q: Individuals who express HLA-B27 are 90 times more likely to develop the autoimmune disorder…

A: Human Leukocyte Antigen B27 or HLA-B27 is a kind of antigen categorized into class I of antigen and…

Q: Amino acid variation among MHC class II allotypes that present antigens to CD4 T cells is…

A: MHC or major histocompatibility complex is a set of genes. These genes are responsible for the…

Q: shows the directed migration of two immune cell types, neutrophils (red) and macrophages (green) to…

A: Immune cells are the sort of cells that emerge from stem cells in the bone marrow and mature into…

Q: True or False: The class switch recombination of IgA antibodies is induced by TGF-beta or IL-21, and…

A: 3)It is a false statement.The IgA antibodies switching is done by T cell independent antigens and…

Q: B-cell development in the bone marrow is an inherently wasteful process. Nearly half of the pro-B…

A: B cells are a type of white blood cell that are vital to the immune system. They are produced in the…

Q: Defects in antigen receptor gene rearrangement can result in SCID (severe combined…

A: SCID is a rare collection of illnesses caused by mutations in distinct genes involved in the…

Q: Which of the following statements best explains why the immune system can continue to make…

A: Rituximab is a medication that will be mostly used for treating rheumatoid arthritis as well as…

Q: Match the stage of B-cell development in Column A with the rearrangement or expression status of the…

A: The B cells originate and mature in the bone marrow. They have the following stages while…

Q: The MHC molecule diversity is generated by which of the following mechanisms? Select one: a. Somatic…

A: Introduction :- A sizable region of vertebrate DNA called the major histocompatibility complex…

Q: . What are the number of total chromosomes that carries the genes encoding heavy and light chain…

A: Introduction :- Immunoglobulins or antibody are made up of two light chains and two heavy chains of…

Q: 1. Review the following link (don't get caught up in details) to determine if our immune cells use…

A: Chemical signaling is a type of signaling which involves molecules. It is a type of cell signaling.…

Q: Match the term in Column A with its correct description in Column B.

A: The details of the term given in Column A has been provided in following step and they are matched…

Q: Which of the following would inhibit the function of the JAK-STAT Pathway? Multiple answers    A.…

A: JAK-STAT pathway is activated in response to cytokines (interferons and interleukins). The receptor…

Q: The B-cell co-receptor, composed of CD19/CD21/CD81, is a receptor that binds to complement fragments…

A: A co-receptor is a type of cell surface receptor that functions by binding a signaling molecule in…

Q: Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome is an immunodeficiency disease due to mutations in the gene encoding WASp.…

A: Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome: Eczema, thrombocytopenia (low platelet count), immunological dysfunction,…

Q: Do these results rule in/out either of the two possible functions of CD8a+ dendritic cells indicated…

A: Immunology.

Q: Suppose you have two A-B-type exotoxins, A-B and A’-B’. A-B binds specifically to all MHC-II cells…

A: Introduction: The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a group of genes that codes for a set of…

Immunology

Immunology is the division of science involved with the immune reactions occurring in living organisms. The organisms are accustomed to evolving internal defense mechanisms to evade the invasion of microbial pathogens. Diverse cells are connected with stimulating the immune responses, which produce inhospitable conditions to the microbes prompting their lysis and thus inhibits the multiplication of the pathogens. The immune system can distinguish the pathogens through the aid of cellular intercommunication and launch responses to destroy them.