The MHC molecule diversity is generated by which of the following mechanisms? Select one: a. Somatic recombination and junctional diversity Ob. Somatic hypermutation Oc. Polymorphism Od. Alternative RNA splicing to generate secreted form e. Class switching

Q: Which of the following describes an oncogene Group of answer choices A. a gene that stimulates cell…

A: Cancer is caused by changes in the DNA and is called genetic changes. Cancer is the growth of the…

Q: Most of the enzymes involved in immunoglobulin gene rearrangement are ubiquitously expressed in all…

A: Introduction: The enzymes RAG 1 & RAG 2 cut and rearranges DNA to produce different types of…

Q: a way in which proto-oncogenes can change to become genes that induce cancer?

A: A proto-oncogene is a normal gene that can turn into an oncogene due to mutations or increased…

Q: The MARCH-1 E3-ubiquitin ligase is expressed in B cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages. The…

A: Pathogens have evolved various mechanisms to evade the host immune system. One such mechanism is to…

Q: Developing B cells that fail to make productive D to J heavy-chain rearrangements on both homologous…

A: B cells get matured in the bone marrow or in the lymph node. Mature B cells express antibodies on…

Q: Any given MHC molecule binds peptides that are related structurally. These families of peptides have…

A: MHC MHC is the Major Histocompatibility Complex that consists of genes that encode specialised…

Q: Which of the following can be answered by immunohistochemistry? Select all that apply. a. Whether…

A: Few important points : Immunohistochemistry is basically a localization of known antigen in tissue…

Q: graduate student wants to isolate cells from a patient and grow them perpetually in culture to study…

A: The correct answers are as follows- A. Telomerase C. MDM2  A graduate student wants to isolate cells…

Q: 3 4 Some antibodies can be passed from mother to child during breastfeeding. What is this type of…

A: Introduction Antibodies are substances that are produced by the immune cells in response to the…

Q: (a) Identify both the cellular component and the location of the component that is responsible for…

A: Luciferase reporter produces luminescence. If cells contain a luciferase vector, the luminescent…

Q: 6. The function of allelic exclusion is an increase in the ................of antibodies?.…

A: Introduction :- One allele of a gene is expressed while the other allele is silenced through the…

Q: Which of the following events is not associated with the establishment of allelic exclusion of…

A: Answer is A.) active transcription of RAG1 and RAG2.

Q: Proteins found in the blood respond to blood vessel damage by clumping together forming a clot that…

A: Answer : b) Produce and store the clotting protein in an inactive form. When the protein is needed,…

Q: Mutations in the RB gene are often associated with cancer. Explain how a mutation that results in a…

A: The cell cycle is the series of stages that allow the cell to pass from one cell division to…

Q: Which statement is right the polyclonal antibody is expensive to produce the monoclonal antibody…

A: Antibodies are giant Y-shaped proteins known as immunoglobulins that are created by B cells as a…

Q: in several populations, SNPs were genotyped for the major histocompatibility class (MHC) II region…

A: MHC II stands for Major Histocompatibility Complex class II. It is a group of genes that play a…

Q: Explain how hematopoietic stem cells were experimentally shown to be both multipotent and capable of…

A: Answer: Introduction: Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are multipotent, self-renewing progenitor…

Q: The adaptive immune system uses multiple strategies to generate diversity in our ability to mount…

A: Adaptive immunity is made up of two main components: T cells and B cells. An immune system that…

Q: You are working with a mixed population of cells that includes some cells expressing CD95 on their…

A: Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting is a method for distinguishing (sorting) various cell types…

Q: Select all of the statements that apply to transcytosis. A. Transfers dimeric IgG B. Transfers…

A: Introduction :- Transcytosis is the process by which a ligand is taken up by a receptor on one side…

Q: Humans with defective expression of the integrin LFA-1 have an immunodeficiency disease…

A: Introduction : The ability of the body to defend against pathogens is referred to as immunity. It…

Q: Some studies have pointed that mutant p53 proteins have gained a novel function by inactivating…

A: P53 is an important protein that is considered a tumor-suppressing gene. The presence of p53…

Q: To study the immune responses that provide protection against tumor growth in mice, some…

A: Cytokines are immunological molecules present in biological systems that are important for cell…

Q: which set of cells has a functional APC/C – those treated with siCon or those treated with siBRCA1?…

A: By designating particular proteins for degradation, the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C)…

Q: Remember that DNA viruses inactivate tumor suppressor genes resulting in cancer. In Burkitt’s…

A: Translocation of c-myc occurs to one of the immunoglobulin foci. This leads to over expression of…

Q: All of the following events occur within germinal centers except

A: Germinal centre It is abbreviated as GC and is a special type of structure formed in lymphoid and…

Q: Individuals who express HLA-B27 are 90 times more likely to develop the autoimmune disorder…

A: HLA-B27 is called human leukocyte antigen B27 (HLA-B27). Human leukocyte antigens (HLAs) are…

Q: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the causative agent of acquired immune deficiency syndrome…

A: Next step after attachment (binding) to the CD4 and CXCR4 receptors on the TH cell.

Q: Individuals who express HLA-B27 are 90 times more likely to develop the autoimmune disorder…

A: Human Leukocyte Antigen B27 or HLA-B27 is a kind of antigen categorized into class I of antigen and…

Q: Over time, cancer cells are known to produce weakly antigenic variants of cell surface proteins.…

A: Tumour antigens are those that are displayed on the surface of tumour cells by MHC class I or II…

Q: Which of the following would most likely promote necrosis?

A: The death of cells or any tissue of body is called as necrosis. Whenever tissue is not getting…

Q: The NFAT family is a ubiquitous family of transcription factors. a. Under resting conditions, where…

A: a. Under resting conditions, NFAT (Nuclear Factor of Activated T cells) is phosphorylated and…

Q: Which of the following is NOT true of ITAMs?   a. They are attached to the tails of the Ig   b.…

A: Introduction: ITAMs (immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs) are retained four aminoacid…

Q: An antibody molecule is made up of four four polypeptides, two light chains and two heavy chains,…

A: The highly variable region of an antibody, also known as the variable domain, is essential for the…

Genetic Evolution

Sexual reproduction produces distinct population variations. Heredity determines the traits and qualities to be passed down to the progeny. Over time, this variation within-species is also affected by the process of human evolution. The study of how genetic variation leads to evolutionary changes is known as genetic evolution. If a trait helps an organism to survive and reproduce, it is more likely to be passed down the generations. It is rare that such traits result in a completely distinct set of traits in descendants than the ancestral population; this can result in the emergence of a new species.