1.What percentage of DNA do Humans share with Drosophila melanogaster? Please give detailed information of the D. melanogaster genome. (We are expecting to have exact numbers).
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1.What percentage of DNA do Humans share with Drosophila melanogaster? Please give detailed information of the D. melanogaster genome. (We are expecting to have exact numbers).
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- 1. Below are the DNA sequences that encode the first eight amino acids for five alleles of the Adh protein in Drosophila pseudoobscura. Nucleotides that differ from the first sequence are shown by a lowercase letter. ATGTCTCTCACCAACAAGAACGTCATGgCTCTCACCAACAAGAACGTCATGTCgCTCACCAACAAGAACGTCATGTCTtTgACCAACAAGAACGTCATGTCTCTCACCAACAAGAACGTg a) What are the first eight amino acids for each of these five DNA sequences?12. a. You want to create a genetic construct that will express GFP in Drosophila. In addition to the GFPcoding sequence, what DNA element(s) must youinclude in order to express this protein in flies if theconstruct were integrated into the Drosophila genome? Where should such DNA element(s) be located? How would you ensure that GFP is expressedonly in certain tissues of the fly, such as the wing?b. Suppose you insert the GFP coding region plus allof the DNA elements required by the answer to part(a)—except the enhancer—between inverted repeatsfound at the ends of a particular transposable element.Because all of the DNA sequences located betweenthese inverted repeats can move from place to placein the Drosophila genome, you can generate manydifferent fly strains, each with the construct integrated at a different genomic location. You now examine animals from each strain for GFPfluorescence. Animals from different strains showdifferent patterns: some glow green in the eyes,others in…1. The easily observed external structures in insects, such as different pairs of legs, antennae, and wings form from imaginal discs. a) How is the identity of the different Drosophila imaginal discs established in the embryo—for example, how is it determined whether a disc will form a wing, a leg, or some other structure? b) Dominant mutants in the gene Antennapedia result in fore legs forming in the location where antennae are expected. How does this mutant phenotype illustrate your response to Part a?
- 2. a. You want to create a genetic construct that will express GFP in Drosophila. In addition to the GFPcoding sequence, what DNA element(s) must youinclude in order to express this protein in flies if theconstruct were integrated into the Drosophila genome? Where should such DNA element(s) be located? How would you ensure that GFP is expressedonly in certain tissues of the fly, such as the wing?b. Suppose you insert the GFP coding region plus allof the DNA elements required by the answer to part(a)—except the enhancer—between inverted repeatsfound at the ends of a particular transposable element.Because all of the DNA sequences located betweenthese inverted repeats can move from place to placein the Drosophila genome, you can generate manydifferent fly strains, each with the construct integrated at a different genomic location. You now examine animals from each strain for GFPfluorescence. Animals from different strains showdifferent patterns: some glow green in the eyes,others in…1. Is the Homo sapiens phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) gene encoding a non-coding protein or an enzyme? What function does this protein serve? If necessary, you may include a mechanism. 2. What function does this gene perform? It is located on what chromosome number?1. Every time a human cell divides, over 50 new mutations can be found in the daughter cells 2. Mutations can accumulate over the course of successive cell divisions 3. In every new kid, over 50 new mutations can be found when comparing them to their parents 4. Most of the new mutations in gametes are probably silent*, but there's a good chance that one of them might occur in a gene, and alter that gene in such a way as to potentially create a mutation *Note: by 'silent' we mean that the mutation doesn't have the potential to alter phenotype, either because it is not in a gene, or is in a gene but in the middle of an intron, or is in the coding sequence but is a silent substitution, etc., etc. 5. Most new gene mutations (i.e. mutations that occur in genes that alter gene expression, splicing or protein sequence) are recessive
- 8. Below is a diagram of the MYC gene, match the arrows with the correct description. 127.73M Genes (Comprehensive set... MYC-201 protein coding - MYC-209 protein coding DO MYC-203> protein coding 0- protein coding 2 - MYC-208> protein coding O MYC-202 protein coding O MYC-205> protein coding MYC-207> protein coding D 0 MYC-204 processed transcript 1 MYC-211> protein coding ← MYC-206> protein coding 2 i. Arrow 1 is pointing at ii. Arrow 2 is pointing at A. polyadenylation site B. 3' untranslated region C. transcription start site D. intron -27-52 kb 127.74M - MYC-212 > arotein codina E. 5' untranslated region F. promoter region G. transcription stop site H. protein coding region 127.731. Assume that figure (A) represents a normal karyotype of this animal. What is the diploid number of thisanimal? 2.Cell (A) contains 3.1 billion (3.1 x 109) base pairs of DNA. Each nucleosome has about 200 bp of DNAwrapped around the histone core.a. What is the maximum number of nucleosomes that can be present in the cell?b. What is the maximum number of H2A histone protein molecules that can be present in the cell?4. 16B (Eukaryotes): Describe 4 factors that differentiate eukaryotic chromosomes/genome from a prokaryotic chromosome/genome. 5. Compare/contrast 4 differences between Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic GENE structure & gene EXPRESSION (including regulatory sequences).
- Select all the advantages of using Drosophila melanogaster as a model organism. Select one or more: O Females can produce 400 to 500 eggs O Large genome O Easy to culture in the laboratory Many mutations are available1.) How many chromosomes are there in each stage of mitosis in an onion? 2.) How many chromosomes are there in each stage of mitosis in an animal like Drosophila?What changes, if any, would you predict would occur in the pigmentation of Drosophila melanogaster with increased global warming? What type of genetic changes would you expect to see? Be as specific as you can.