Products formed for the reaction have to be predicted. The given reaction is shown as, Concept Introduction: Deactivators are electron withdrawing groups attached to the benzenes that have either positive charge or an atom with high electronegativity. They are meta directors. Strong deactivators: They are very strong electron withdrawing groups. Moderate deactivators: It contains a pi bond that is attached to a strong electronegative group. Weak deactivators: It consists of halogens. Activators are electron donating groups attached to the benzenes that have either electron density that is able to push into benzene ring or a lone pair of electrons. They are ortho-para directing. Strong activators: It contains a lone pair next to the aromatic ring. Moderate activators: It has a lone pair next to the aromatic ring that can take part in the resonance outside the ring as well. Weak activators: It consists of alkyl groups. Halogens are deactivators that are ortho-para directing. Rules to identify the group that dominates the directing effects: Ortho-para directors will always dominate meta directors. Strong activators will always dominate weak activators Nitration: In nitration reaction, one nitro group ( − N O 2 ) is introduced to an organic molecule. Mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used for nitration.

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Chapter 4.7, Problem 4.76P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Products formed for the reaction have to be predicted. The given reaction is shown as,

Concept Introduction:

Deactivators are electron withdrawing groups attached to the benzenes that have either positive charge or an atom with high electronegativity. They are meta directors.

Strong deactivators: They are very strong electron withdrawing groups.

Moderate deactivators: It contains a pi bond that is attached to a strong electronegative group.

Weak deactivators: It consists of halogens.

Activators are electron donating groups attached to the benzenes that have either electron density that is able to push into benzene ring or a lone pair of electrons. They are ortho-para directing.

Strong activators: It contains a lone pair next to the aromatic ring.

Moderate activators: It has a lone pair next to the aromatic ring that can take part in the resonance outside the ring as well.

Weak activators: It consists of alkyl groups.

Halogens are deactivators that are ortho-para directing.

Rules to identify the group that dominates the directing effects:

Ortho-para directors will always dominate meta directors.

Strong activators will always dominate weak activators

Nitration: In nitration reaction, one nitro group (−NO2) is introduced to an organic molecule. Mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used for nitration.

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