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a.
Interpretation:
The partial charge by symbol 
and 
should be indicated on each atom if the 
bond is polar covalent.
Concept introduction:The covalent bond is a type of bond which formed by sharing of electrons between atoms. It forms between two non-metals.
A polar covalent bond is a type of bond where the bonded electrons of covalent bond are shared unequally.
A non-polar covalent bond is a type of bond where the bonded electrons of covalent bond are shared equally.
The relation between elements electronegativity and bonding type are as follows:
| Electro-negativity difference | Bonding type |
| < 0.5 | Non-polar covalent |
| 0.5-2.0 | Polar covalent |
| > 2.0 | Ionic |
The direction of dipole is always from less electronegative atom to more electronegative atom, which indicates the shifting of bonding electrons.
If in 
bond, A is more electronegative that B then partial charge will be indicated as follows:
`
b.
Interpretation:
The partial charge by symbol 
and 
should be indicated on each atom if the 
bond is polar covalent.
Concept introduction: The covalent bond is a type of bond which formed by sharing of electrons between atoms. It forms between two non-metals.
A polar covalent bond is a type of bond where the bonded electrons of covalent bond are shared unequally.
A non-polar covalent bond is a type of bond where the bonded electrons of covalent bond are shared equally.
The relation between elements electronegativity and bonding type are as follows:
| Electro-negativity difference | Bonding type |
| < 0.5 | Non-polar covalent |
| 0.5-2.0 | Polar covalent |
| > 2.0 | Ionic |
The direction of dipole is always from less electronegative atom to more electronegative atom, which indicates the shifting of bonding electrons.
If in 
bond, A is more electronegative that B then partial charge will be indicated as follows:
`
c.
Interpretation:
The partial charge by symbol 
and 
should be indicated on each atom if the 
bond is polar covalent.
Concept introduction: The covalent bond is a type of bond which formed by sharing of electrons between atoms. It forms between two non-metals.
A polar covalent bond is a type of bond where the bonded electrons of covalent bond are shared unequally.
A non-polar covalent bond is a type of bond where the bonded electrons of covalent bond are shared equally.
The relation between elements electronegativity and bonding type are as follows:
| Electro-negativity difference | Bonding type |
| < 0.5 | Non-polar covalent |
| 0.5-2.0 | Polar covalent |
| > 2.0 | Ionic |
The direction of dipole is always from less electronegative atom to more electronegative atom, which indicates the shifting of bonding electrons.
If in 
bond, A is more electronegative that B then partial charge will be indicated as follows:
`
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Chapter 4 Solutions
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