
Concept explainers
For each pair of ions, determine which will have the greater number of unpaired electrons: (a) Fe2+, Fe3+; (b) P3+, P5+: (c) Cr2+, Cr3+.
(a)

Interpretation: Ground-state electronic configuration of the given set of ions has to be written.
Concept Introduction:
- Aufbau Principle tells that the orbital with the lower energy is filled with electrons first and then the filling of higher energy orbital follows. By using this valence orbital diagram can be drawn for any atoms or ions.
- Electronic configuration is the arrangement of the electrons of atoms in the orbital. For atoms and ions, the electronic configuration is written by using Pauli Exclusion Principle and Hund’s rule.
- According to Pauli Exclusion Principle, no two electrons having the same spin can occupy the same orbital.
- According to Hund’s rule, the orbital in the subshell is filled singly by one electron before the same orbital is doubly filled. When the orbital is singly filled, all the electrons have same spin. In a doubly filled orbital, there are two electrons with opposite spin.
To identify: The ion which has greater number of unpaired electrons.
Answer to Problem 4.78QP
Answer
In (a)
Explanation of Solution
Electronic configuration of
The electronic configuration of
Electronic configuration of
The electronic configuration of
Electronic configuration of
The electronic configuration of
Comparing the unpaired electrons in
By looking at the valence-orbital diagram we can see that in
(b)

Interpretation: Ground-state electronic configuration of the given set of ions has to be written.
Concept Introduction:
- Aufbau Principle tells that the orbital with the lower energy is filled with electrons first and then the filling of higher energy orbital follows. By using this valence orbital diagram can be drawn for any atoms or ions.
- Electronic configuration is the arrangement of the electrons of atoms in the orbital. For atoms and ions, the electronic configuration is written by using Pauli Exclusion Principle and Hund’s rule.
- According to Pauli Exclusion Principle, no two electrons having the same spin can occupy the same orbital.
- According to Hund’s rule, the orbital in the subshell is filled singly by one electron before the same orbital is doubly filled. When the orbital is singly filled, all the electrons have same spin. In a doubly filled orbital, there are two electrons with opposite spin.
To identify: The ion which has greater number of unpaired electrons.
Answer to Problem 4.78QP
Answer
In (b)
Explanation of Solution
Electronic configuration of
The electronic configuration of
Electronic configuration of
The electronic configuration of
Electronic configuration of
The electronic configuration of
Comparing the unpaired electrons in
By looking at the valence-orbital diagram we can see that both electrons in
(c)

Interpretation: Ground-state electronic configuration of the given set of ions has to be written.
Concept Introduction:
- Aufbau Principle tells that the orbital with the lower energy is filled with electrons first and then the filling of higher energy orbital follows. By using this valence orbital diagram can be drawn for any atoms or ions.
- Electronic configuration is the arrangement of the electrons of atoms in the orbital. For atoms and ions, the electronic configuration is written by using Pauli Exclusion Principle and Hund’s rule.
- According to Pauli Exclusion Principle, no two electrons having the same spin can occupy the same orbital.
- According to Hund’s rule, the orbital in the subshell is filled singly by one electron before the same orbital is doubly filled. When the orbital is singly filled, all the electrons have same spin. In a doubly filled orbital, there are two electrons with opposite spin.
To identify: The ion which has greater number of unpaired electrons.
Answer to Problem 4.78QP
Answer
In (c)
Explanation of Solution
Electronic configuration of
The electronic configuration of
Electronic configuration of
The electronic configuration of
Electronic configuration of
The electronic configuration of
Comparing the unpaired electrons in
By looking at the valence-orbital diagram we can see that in
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Chapter 4 Solutions
Chemistry: Atoms First V1
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