Chapter 4, Problem 4.12QP

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: the characteristics of the electron configurations of transition metals should be shown using the first-row transition metals as example.

Concept Introduction:

• The elements in a periodic table can be classified into different categories according to type of subshell containing the valence electrons, namely representative elements, noble gases, transition metals the lanthanides, and the actinides.
• In the transition elements contains either d subshells which are incomplete or that readily lose electrons to get incomplete d subshell.
• First-row transition metals have outer electronic configurations of ${\text{3d}}^{\text{(1-10)}}{\text{4s}}^{\left(\text{1-2}\right)}$. The 4s orbitals have lower energy comparing to the 3d orbitals and are filled first