Chapter 4, Problem 15CTQ

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The reason for $\text{H}$ attached to $\text{N}$ or $\text{O}$ atom to participate in hydrogen bond but not an $\text{H}$ attached to carbon atom should be determined.

Concept introduction: Intermolecular forces are types of forces that are responsible to hold atoms together in a molecule. There are various types of intermolecular forces as follows:

1. Hydrogen bonding:

As is evident from its name, these types of forces exist if hydrogen is present. Such forces are present when hydrogen atom bonds with highly electronegative elements like $\text{N}$ , $\text{O}$ and $\text{F}$ . It is of two types: intramolecular and intermolecular. $\text{HF}$ forms hydrogen bonding with water.

2. Ion-dipole forces:

This force exists between ion and molecules with dipole moment in them. Attraction exists between ion and oppositely charged end of the dipole.

3. Ion-induced dipole forces:

When an ion approaches a non-polar molecule, it induces temporary dipole in it. Ion gets attracted to oppositely charged part of dipole induced in molecule.

4. Dispersion forces:

These forces are also known as an induced dipole-induced dipole. Such forces are present between various atoms and molecules. These are observed generally in non-polar molecules, halogens, and noble gases.