
Many practical circuit elements are non-linear; however, it is usually possible to linearize the V-I relationship near any specific point on the non-linear V-I curve. Such a point is often referred to as an operating point. In other words, in the vicinity of an operating point
The inverse to the slope m at the operating point is defined as incremental resistance
a. Refer to Figure P3.77 and find the operating point of the non-linear element.
b. Find the incremental resistance of the non-linear element at the operating point.
c. If

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Chapter 3 Solutions
Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering
- 11-2) Now consider that white noise (i.e., noise with a PSD that is constant with frequency) is introduced in the channel of the system described in the previous problem. An ideal low pass filter is used at the receiver input to reduce the noise as much as possible, while transmitting the desired signal. (a) By what factor should the cutoff frequency of the noise reduction filter be reduced in the 16-PAM case, compared to binary? (b) By what factor will the noise power at the decision circuit be reduced in the 16-PAM case? (c) By what factor will the noise amplitude at the decision circuit be reduced in the 16-PAM case? (d) To obtain the same symbol error rate for 16-PAM as for binary, how should the minimum level spacing for 16-PAM compare to binary? (e) If the 16-PAM level spacing is adjusted according to part (d) above, by what factor will the average signal power be increased in the 16-PAM case, compared to binary?arrow_forward11-1) similar to Lathi & Ding, Prob. P.6.7-5 Data at a bit rate Rb must be transmitted using either binary NRZ polar signaling or 16-ary PAM NRZ polar signaling. (a) By what factor will the symbol rate be reduced in the 16-PAM case? (b) By what factor will bandwidth required from the (lowpass) channel be reduced in the 16-PAM case? (c) Assuming the minimum spacing between pulse levels must be the same in both cases, by what factor will the average power be increased in the 16-PAM case? [Hint: take the pulse amplitudes to be ±A in the binary case, and ±A, ±3A, ±5A,..., ±154, and recall that scaling pulse amplitude by a factor k scales the pulse energy by a factor R². Assume that the data is random, so that all 16 levels are equally likely, and that the same pulse shape is used in both cases.] Warning: Solutions to the textbook problem that are posted online are mostly wrong. Work it out for yourself.arrow_forward11-3) similar to Lathi & Ding, Prob. P.6.8-1 Consider the carrier modulator shown in the figure below, which transmits a binary carrier signal. The baseband generator uses polar NRZ signaling with rectangular pulses. The data rate is 8 Mbit/s. (a) If the modulator generates a binary PSK signal, what is the bandwidth of the modulated output? (b) If the modulator generates FSK with the difference fel - fco = 6 MHz (cf. Fig 6.32c), determine the modulated signal bandwidth. Binary data source Baseband signal generator Modulated output Modulator N-E---arrow_forward
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