Interpretation:
The hydrogen bonding exists in structure and the sequence of each strand of DNA has to be predicted.
Concept Introduction:
Composition of
Base pairing in DNA: The two strands of the DNA double helix run in the opposite directions- one in 5’ to 3’ direction and other from 3’ to 5’ direction. The hydrogen bonding between two strands enhances the stability of the DNA; where the alignment of hydrophobic nitrogenous bases in the interior and hydrophilic phosphate and sugar groups on the exterior also enhance the stability. Adenine and thymine gives a pair forming two hydrogen bonds and cytosine and guanine gives rise to another pair forming three hydrogen bonds.
Sugar: In both DNA and RNA, sugar portion is found. In DNA, the sugar is D-ribose, where at 2’hydroxyl group is absent and in RNA, the hydroxyl group is present at 2’.
Nucleotide: (Nucleoside + phosphate)
Nucleotides are the building blocks of nuclei acids; monomers of DNA and RNA
Nitrogenous bases: Five types of nitrogenous bases (has unique one-letter code A, G, T, U, and C) are derived from two parent compounds called purine and pyrimidine. The purine derivatives are Adenine and Guanine are two fused nitrogen containing rings. The pyrimidine derivatives are Thymine, Cytosine, and Uracil has a six-membered nitrogen ring. Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, and Cytosine are the nitrogenous bases present in DNA. Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine and Uracil are the nitrogenous bases present in RNA.
Numbering the atoms in sugar and base rings:
In order to distinguish the atoms in the sugar of a nucleoside and atoms of a base ring, numbers without prime is used for atoms in the base ring and numbers with prime used for the atoms in the sugar ring.
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Fundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry (8th Edition)
- State the properties of the WatsonCrick model of DNA in the following categories: a. number of polynucleotide chains b. polarity (running in same direction or opposite directions) c. bases on interior or exterior of molecule d. sugar/phosphate on interior or exterior of molecule e. which bases pair with which f. right- or left-handed helixarrow_forwardDraw the full structure of the DNA dinucleotide C-T. Identify the 5′ and 3′ ends of this dinucleotide.arrow_forwardWrite the sequence of the complementary DNA strand thatpairs with each of the following DNA base sequences:(a) GGTTAC(b) CCCGAAarrow_forward
- Given the sequence shown below, write the complementary DNA sequence, using the base-pairing rules, as well as the directionality of the strands: 5'- CGAGGCTAGGTTAACCTG-3'arrow_forwardA) Draw the structure and give the name of a nucleotide made of G + ribose. B) Write the complementary base sequence for the matching strand in the DNA section shown below.5’ – C T G T A T A C G T T A – 3’ Please answer both partsarrow_forwardWhat sequence of bases on one strand of DNA (reading in the 3′ to 5′ direction) is complementary to the sequence 5′ T-A-T-G-C-A-G 3′ on the other strand?arrow_forward
- If the ratio of (A+G)/(T+C)=0.7 in one strand of the DNA, what is the same ratio in complementary strand? Answer Format: (Number only in two decimal places) *arrow_forwardThe DNA STRAND IS 3’ TAC-AGC-ACT-CAG-TCA 5’, and Non-template strand = 5' - ATGTCGTGAGTCAGT - 3' . If on the non-coding strand of DNA there is suddenly one T base that sneaks into the 4th sequence (from the left), or causes a mutation, then how will the RNA be formed and the chain arrangement of the amino acids produced by this mutation?arrow_forwardGiven the following protein, which of the following sequences of TEMPLATE strand DNA would code for it? Pay attention to the polarity of the polypeptide and the strands of DNA that you choose. Use the codon chart to the right. AUG = met AAA = lys GCU = ala | CUU = leu ACU = thr -lys - thr - ala - leu - met (amino end) 5' TAC GAA CGA TGA TTT TAC ATT 3' 5' ATG CTT GCT ACT AAA ATG TAA 3' (carboxyl end) met 5' TAC TTT TGA CGA GAA TAC ATT 3¹' 3' TAC TTT TGA CGA GAA TAC ATT 5¹ 5' ATG AAA ACT GCT CTT ATG TAA 3¹ 3 TAC GAA CGA TGA TTT TAC ATT 5'arrow_forward
- If the DNA sequence A-T-T-G-G-C-C-T-A on an informational strand mutated and became A-C-T-G-G-C-C-T-A, what effect would the mutation have on the sequence of the protein produced?arrow_forward1) a) Sketch an A-form helix and a B-form helix, highlighting the differences between them. Indicate the bases and backbone as lines. Label the major and minor grooves. 2) Sketch a ribose in the pucker that is expected in RNA. 3) Sketch a 2’ deoxyribose in the pucker that is expected in DNA. 4) Draw a GCG triplet (GC Watson-Crick), with perfect geometry. Draw the bases only, with dR’s at the N-9 positions of the purines (Gs) and at the N1 positions of the pyrimidine (C)arrow_forwardWe have talked about several examples of cis-acting elements that have dyad symmetry (inverted repeat symmetry). Some function on the level of DNA, and others function on the level of RNA. Give one example of one that functions at the DNA level and briefly explain why the sequence requires dyad symmetry to work properly. Note: you don't have to give an exact sequence, just the name of the element. Edit View Incort Format Tools Tabloarrow_forward
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