Show the fate of the hydrogen on carbon-2 of glucose. Please draw out the structure using curve arrows to show electron flow.
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Show the fate of the hydrogen on carbon-2 of glucose.
Please draw out the structure using curve arrows to show electron flow.
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- The following chemical reactants produce the ester ethyl ethanoate (C4H8O2): C2H6O + CH3COOH What type of reaction occurs to make ethyl ethanoate? condensation hydrolysis combustion acid-base reactionThe Relative Efficiency of ATP Synthesis in Noncyclic versus Cyclic Photophosphorylation If noncyclic photosynthetic electron transport leads to the translocation of 7 H+/2e- and cyclic photosynthetic electron transport leads to the translocation of 2 H+/e-, what is the relative photosynthetic efficiency of ATP synthesis (expressed as the number of photons absorbed per ATP synthesized) for noncyclic versus cyclic photophosphorylation? (Assume that the CF1CF0-ATP synthase yields 3 ATP/14 H+.)The Overall Free Energy Change for Photosynthetic NADP+ Reduction What is the overall free energy change (G) for noncyclic photosynthetic electron transport? 4 (700-nm photons) + 4 (680-nm photons) + 2 H2O + 2 NADP+O2 + 2 NADPH + 2H+
- Examine the ActiveModel for alcohol dehydrogenase and describe the structure and function of the catalytic zinc center.In 1976, a team of chemists in the United Kingdom was developing new insecticides by modifying sugars with chlorine Cl2, phosgene Cl2CO, and other toxic gases. One young Member of the team misunderstood his verbal instructions to test a newly made candidate substance. He thought he had been told to taste it. Luckily for him, the substance was not toxic, but it was very sweet. It became the food additive sucralose. Sucralose has three chlorine atoms substituted for three hydroxyl groups of sucrose table sugar. It binds so strongly to the sweet-taste receptors on the tongue that the human brain perceives it as 600 times sweeter than sucrose. Sucralose was originally marketed as an artificial sweetener called Splenda, but it is now available under several other brand names. Researchers investigated whether the body recognizes sucralose as a carbohydrate. They began by feeding sucralose labeled with 14C to volunteers. Analysis of the radioactive molecules in the volunteers urine and feces showed that 92.8 percent of the sucralose passed through the body without being altered. Many people are worried that the chlorine atoms impart toxicity to sucralose. How would you respond to that concern?Melvin Calvin and Andrew Benson determined the steps in the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis by exposing the green alga Chlorella to CO2 labeled with the radioisotope carbon 14. By looking at which compounds the C14 ended up in, they were able to identify all intermediates in this cyclic pathway. Why did they predict correctly that the same set of intermediates would be formed in the light reaction in land plants?
- Which of the following comparisons or contrasts between endergonic and exergonic reactions is false? Endergonic reactions have a positive ?G and exergonic reactions have a negative ?G Endergonic reactions consume energy and exergonic reactions release energy Both endergonic and exergonic reactions require a small amount of energy to overcome an activation barrier Endergonic reactions take place slowly and exergonic reactions take place quickly.Figure 4.15 Cyanide inhibits cytochrome c oxidase, a component of the electron transport chain. If cyanide poisoning occurs, would you expect the pH of the intermembrane space to increase or decrease? What affect would cyanide have on ATP synthesis? Figure 4.15 (a) The electron transport chain is a set of molecules that supports a series of oxidation-reduction reactions. (b) ATP synthase is a complex, molecular machine that uses an H+ gradient to regenerate ATP from ADP. (c) Chemiosmosis relies on the potential energy provided by the H+ gradient across the membrane.Energy is stored long-term in the bonds of _____ and used short-term to perform work from a(n)_____molecule. a. ATP : glucose b. an anabolic molecule : catabolic molecule c. glucose: ATP d. a catabolic molecule : anabolic molecule
- Figure 7.11 Dinitrophenol (DNP) is an "uncoupler" that makes the inner mitochondrial membrane "leaky" to protons. It was used until 1938 as a weight-loss drug. What effect would you expect DNP to have on the change in pH across the inner mitochondrial membrane? Why do you think this might be an effective weight-loss drug?Using the answer code on the right, indicate which form of energy production is being described: 1. takes place in the mitochondrial matrix 2. produces H2O as a by-product 3. results in a rich yield of ATP 4. takes place in the cytosol 5. processes acetyl-CoA 6. takes place in the mitochondrial innermembrane cristae 7. converts glucose into two pyruvate molecules 8. uses molecular oxygen 9. accomplished by the electron transport system and ATP synthase (a) glycolysis (b) citric acid cycle (c) oxidative phosphorylationFigure 7.12 Cyanide inhibits cytochrome c oxidase, a component of the electron transport chain. If cyanide poisoning occurs, would you expect the pH of the intermembrane space to increase or decrease? What effect would cyanide have on ATP synthesis?
