Concept explainers
Interpretation:
Subparts of Influenza A and the species most infected by the subtype; whether subtype can be transmitted to another species has to be determined.
Concept Introduction:
Virus: A microscopic
Influenza: Any form of virus that is contagious from either human or domestic; and cause serious viral infection of respiratory passages.
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Fundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry (8th Edition)
- There have been recent outbreaks of dog flu in the US. Why doesn't this virus infect humans? A) The virus can replicate in cells of all species but can only egress from dog cells. B) The genetic code of the virus is the same as that in dog cells but is different from other organisms. C) The virus can only attach to dog cells. D) The virus can enter cells of all species but can only replicate in dog cells.arrow_forwardIn Sickle Cell Disease, the 6th amino acid after the START codon is different than it is in wildtype hemoglobin. An alignment of HbA DNA (wt) against HbS (sickle allele) is shown below. Arcel is asked to characterize the DNA mutation according to its nucleotide and position. r + 2 HbA: ATG HbS: GTG CAC CTG ACT CCT GAG CAC CAC CTG ACT ACT CCT GTG Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. ATG GTG The disease is caused by A20 - T20. The disease is caused by T20 - A20. The disease is caused by GAG20 - GTG20. The disease is caused by GTG21 - GAG21 ☐arrow_forwardUsually, bacteria only make tryptophan when tryptophan is absent or available in low concentration. However, a particular bacterial mutation makes tryptophan all the time whether or not tryptophan is present. What could explain this phenotype? A) the terminator hairpin is unable to form B) the antiterminator hairpin is unable to form C) trpE is mutated D) trpD is mutated E) trpA is mutatedarrow_forward
- Determine the order of the three genes on the phage chromosome.arrow_forwardA research group is studying a bacterium X that binds to mucosal cells in the lung and invades. Wildtype X has an LD50 value of 10 bacteria when administered to mice by inhalation. Using transposon mutagenesis, the researchers have isolated two mutants of X that they call Xmut1 and Xmut2, both of which have LD50 values of 105 when inhaled by mice. However, in tissue culture cells, Xmut1 can invade the cells just as well as wild-type X, while Xmut2 cannot. Provide a possible explanation for these results.arrow_forwardIn a particular species, the gene for the kappa light chain has 200 V segments and 4 J segments. In the gene for the lambda light chain, this species has 300 V segments and 6 J segments. If only the antibody diversity arising from somatic recombination is taken into consideration, how many different types of light chains are possible?arrow_forward
- Bacteriophage P22 was used in generalised transduction experiments to infect the Salmonella typhimurium donor strains described in the table below. The resulting phage lysates were then used to infect the recipient strains of S. typhimurium recipient strains listed in the table. In each cross, a phenotype was selected for one of the selected for one of the three genetic markers studied (str, aceA, thrA), and were made to select the recombinants corresponding to the other two markers. markers. The results are given in the following table: Strain I donor str thrA aceA thrA str aceA+ Strain recipient strs thrA+ aceA thrA str aceA Phenotype selected Str Ace+ Str recombinants selected ThrA ThrA ThrA ThrA Ace Ace Number 60 40 95 5 10 90 str: gene involved in streptomycin resistance, aceA: gene involved in the use of acetate as a carbon source, thrA: gene involved in threonine biosynthesis. 1) What are the selective media used in these three transduction experiments? to obtain the selected…arrow_forwardAn example sequence corresponds to human sickle cell beta-globin mRNA and that this disease results from a point mutation in the β globin gene. In the following section, you will compare sickle cell and normal β globin sequences to reveal the nature of the sickle cell mutation at the protein level. To do this you need to find at least one sequence representing the normal beta globin gene. Open a new window and visit the NCBI home page(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) and select “Nucleotide” from the drop menu associated with the top search box. Then enter the search term: HBB . Note that lots of irrelevant results are returned so let's apply some “Filters” (available by clicking in the left-hand sidebar) to focus on RefSeq entries for Homo sapiens. Remember that we are after mRNA so we can compare to the mRNA sequence from part 1 above. QUESTION #1: What is the ACCESSION number of the “Homo sapiens hemoglobin, beta (HBB), mRNA” entry? NOTE: Boolean operators (NOT, AND, OR) as…arrow_forwardThe following sequence contains the first couple codons from the Moderna vaccine mRNA. Below it are versions of the same sequence, but each of these contain a mutation. Match these mutated sequences with the correct mutation type a b C d Original sequence AUG UUC GUG UUC CUG GUG CUG CUG CCC CUG GTG AGC AGC CAG UGC GUG AAC CUG AUG UUC GUG UUC CUG GUG CUG CUG CCC CUG GTG AGC AGC UAG UGC GUG AAC CUG AUG UUC GUG UCC CUG GUG CUG CUG CCC CUG GTG AGC AGC CAG UGC GUG AAC CUG AUG UUC GUG UUC CUG GUG CUG CUG CCA CUG GTG AGC AGC CAG UGC GUG AAC CUG AUG UUC GUG UUC CUG GUG CUG CUG CCC CUG GTG AGC AGC CAG UGC AGU GAA CCU 1. Synonymous 2. Nonsense 3. Non synonymous 4, Frameshiftarrow_forward
- Describe the experiment done by Frederick Griffith in 1928, where the non-lethal (rough) strain of Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria killed experimental mice when mixed with the heat-killed smooth strain. Discuss what may have happened to the rough strain after the heat-killed smooth strain was introduced and why you think the rough strain killed the mice. What would be the conclusion and significance of this study and its finding?arrow_forwardGonorrhea is a sexually transmissible disease (STD) caused by the bacterium Neiserria gonorrhoeae. In the 1940s, penicillin was introduced as an antibiotic to treat gonorrhea. In particular, the drug inhibits the formation of new cell walls in dividing bacterial cells, making new cells vulnerable to the human body's defences. However, a new strain of Neiserria gonorrhoeae was found that is capable of breaking down penicillin, making this strain resistant. The emergence of this new strain has been associated with instances of non-strict compliance of certain patients on the use of penicillin as well as the improper administration of the drug. Based on the information given, formulate a strategy that could help control this new strain.arrow_forwardEpstein-Barr virus is associated with Burkitt’s lymphoma. The rate of EBV and c-myc gene translocation seems related, as both are highest in Equatorial Africa, lowest in North America and intermediate in South America. Explain what is c-myc translocation and why it results in overexpression of c-myc. What is the role of EBV in causing c-myc gene overexpression?arrow_forward
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