Chapter 23, Problem 39A

a.

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To write the expected products that are obtained by the following reactions.

Concept Introduction: Addition reactions are those in which two or more reactants combine together to form a product. The addition of hydrogen and halogen will follow Markonikov’s rule. In the case of water, alkenes undergo an addition reaction in the presence of a catalyst resulting in the formation of alcohols.

Answer to Problem 39A

  

Explanation of Solution

In this reaction, the pi of the alkene and the sigma bond of the alkene will break resulting in the formation of a new bond. This reaction will follow Markonikov’s rule. In the first step, the double bond of the alkene breaks and results in the formation of a carbocation. In the second step, the bond between the halogen breaks and gets attached to the carbocation. Now the halogen will get attached to the carbocation resulting in the formation of 1,2-dibromobutane.

b.

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To write the expected products that are obtained by the following reactions.

Concept Introduction: Addition reactions are those in which two or more reactants combine together to form a product. The addition of hydrogen and halogen will follow Markonikov’s rule. In the case of water, alkenes undergo an addition reaction in the presence of a catalyst resulting in the formation of alcohols.

Answer to Problem 39A

  

Explanation of Solution

In this reaction, the pi of the alkene and the sigma bond of the alkene will break resulting in the formation of a new bond. This reaction will follow Markonikov’s rule. In the first step, the double bond of the alkene breaks and results in the formation of carbocation. In the second step, the bond between the halogen breaks and gets attached to the carbocation. Now the halogen will get attached to the carbocation resulting in the formation of 2,3-diiodibutane.

c.

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To write the expected products that are obtained by the following reactions.

Concept Introduction: Addition reactions are those in which two or more reactants combine together to form a product. The addition of hydrogen and halogen will follow Markonikov’s rule. In the case of water, alkenes undergo an addition reaction in the presence of a catalyst resulting in the formation of alcohols.

Answer to Problem 39A

  

Explanation of Solution

The above reaction is an electrophilic addition reaction which is useful for the preparation of alkyl halides. In this, the first step involves the formation of the carbocation that will rearrange to a stable form. In the second step, the bromine will attack the carbocation resulting in the formation of 2-bromobutane in this case.

d.

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To write the expected products that are obtained by the following reactions.

Concept Introduction: Addition reactions are those in which two or more reactants combine together to form a product. The addition of hydrogen and halogen will follow Markonikov’s rule. In the case of water, alkenes undergo an addition reaction in the presence of a catalyst resulting in the formation of alcohols.

Answer to Problem 39A

  

Explanation of Solution

This reaction takes place in the presence of a catalyst. The pi-bond of the alkene will act as a source of electrons for electrophiles. The bond between the hydrogen breaks in the presence of the catalyst resulting in the formation of the metal-hydrogen bond. The surface of the metal absorbs the alkene and helps in adding the other hydrogen resulting in the formation of a saturated compound.

e.

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To write the expected products that are obtained by the following reactions.

Concept Introduction: Addition reactions are those in which two or more reactants combine together to form a product. The addition of hydrogen and halogen will follow Markonikov’s rule. In the case of water, alkenes undergo an addition reaction in the presence of a catalyst resulting in the formation of alcohols.

Answer to Problem 39A

  

Explanation of Solution

In this reaction, the pi of the alkene and the sigma bond of the alkene will break resulting in the formation of a new bond. In the first step, the double bond of the alkene breaks and results in the formation of a carbocation. In the second step, the bond between the halogen breaks and gets attached to the carbocation. Now the halogen will get attached to the carbocation resulting in the formation of 1,2-dichlorocyclohexane.