(a)
Interpretation:
Analyzing the citric acid cycle (Figure 21.8) the steps involved in oxidation reactions should be identified
Concept Introduction:
Oxidation: The oxidation is reaction that involves addition of oxygen atom or loss of electrons or removal of hydrogen atom present in the chemical compound.
Citric Acid Cycle: It involves 8 series reaction which converts acetyl group present in acetyl coenzyme A into 2
(b)
Interpretation:
The loss of carbon dioxide that is, the steps involved in decarboxylation should be identified.
Concept Introduction:
Oxidative Decarboxylation: It involves removal of carboxylate group that results in release of carbon dioxide.
(c)
Interpretation:
The steps that involve hydration reaction in citric acid cycle should be identified.
Concept Introduction:
Hydration: The combination of substance with water is termed as hydration.
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Fundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry (8th Edition)
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- The phosphorylation of glucose to glucose 1-phosphate requires 5.0 kcal/mol of energy. This unfavorable reaction can be driven by the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP. (a) Write the equation for the coupled reaction. (b) How much energy is released in the coupled reaction? glucose + HPO4---------->2– glucose 1-phosphate + H2Oarrow_forwardEach of the following enzymes catalyzes what sort of reaction?citrate decarboxylase (a. citrate decarboxylase) (b. citrate decarboxyoxalate reductase (b)c. transaminase of serinearrow_forwardWhy is it that the carboxylate "ions" actually partake in the citric acid cycle ratherthan the carboxylic acid? Explain using an examplearrow_forward
- Using the glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle, determine how many ATP can be produced from one mole of each of the following compounds on complete oxidation? a.) Mannose b.) Dihydroxyacetone phosphate c.) Citrate d.) Malate e.) Succinate Answers vary between 32 moles, 32 moles, 16 moles, 10 moles, 4 moles, and 2.5 molesarrow_forwardWhat is the citric acid cycle? Provide a schematic diagram of the citric acid cycle with chemical structures of each compound in the cycle. Indicate the cofactors and products at each step as well as the name of each of the enzymes involved.arrow_forwardHow much energy is released as ATP from the complete oxidation of lauric acid (CH3(CH2)10COOH)?arrow_forward
- Describe two important roles of the citric acid cycle.arrow_forwardWrite out each of the eight chemical reactions of the citric acid cycle. Draw the structures of the reactants and the products and name the enzymes of each reaction.arrow_forwardStep 6 of the citric acid cycle is shown. Which statement best describes the role of FAD in this reaction? CH₂ lal CH₂ FAD FADH₂ CO₂ CO₂ succinate CH CH fumarate OA) FAD causes the oxidation of succinate to form fumarate. B) FAD causes succinate to undergo hydration to form fumarate. C) FAD causes the isomerication of succinate to form fumarate. D) FAD causes the reduction of succinate to form fumarate.arrow_forward
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