(a)
Interpretation:
From the given figure 21.4 the stages present in conversion of energy from carbohydrates to energy stored in ATP should be identified.
Concept Introduction:
- 1. Catabolism
- 2. Anabolism
Catabolism: The catabolic pathway involves oxidation reactions and produces energy which converts complex molecules into simple ones
Anabolism: The anabolic pathway involves a series of sequential reactions which converts simple molecules into complex molecules.
The series of reaction present in these reactions is called as metabolic pathway.
First the consumption of food gets digested which results in production of small molecules.
Glycolysis is a pathway which describes conversion of one molecule of glucose into two
Pyruvate molecules. It involves totally ten set of reactions with it.
Krebs cycle essentially involves the oxidation of acetyl CoA to
The process of catabolism of fatty acids includes three major parts and they are,
Activation of fatty acid and its transport into mitochondria
Beta-oxidation
Electron transport chain
(b)
Interpretation:
The three places at which the amino acid products join the central metabolism pathway should be identified.
Concept Introduction:
Metabolism: The process by which living organisms synthesize energy they required is known as metabolism. Mainly there are two pathways
- 1. Catabolism
- 2. Anabolism
Catabolism: The catabolic pathway involves oxidation reactions and produces energy which converts complex molecules into simple ones
Anabolism: The anabolic pathway involves a series of sequential reactions which converts simple molecules into complex molecules.
The series of reaction present in these reactions is called as metabolic pathway.
First the consumption of food gets digested which results in production of small molecules.
Glycolysis is a pathway which describes conversion of one molecule of glucose into 2
Pyruvate molecules. It involves totally 10 set of reactions with it.
Krebs cycle essentially involves the oxidation of acetyl CoA to
The process of catabolism of fatty acids includes three major parts and they are,
Activation of fatty acid and its transport into mitochondria
Beta-oxidation
Electron transport chain
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solutionChapter 21 Solutions
Fundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry (8th Edition)
- Three metabolites that can result from the breakdown of the carbon skeleton of amino acids are ketone bodies, acetyl-CoA, and glucose. Briefly describe how each of these metabolites can be produced from amino acid catabolism.arrow_forwardDEFINE THE FOLLOWING TERMS: a) Gluconeogenesis b) Glycolysis c) Citric Acid Cycle Please explain this in-detailed and longer, thank you.arrow_forwardWhat reaction or process in metabolism is catalyzed by each of the following enzymes: (a) pepsin; (b) succinate dehydrogenase; (c) ATP synthase?arrow_forward
- Lactose intolerance is caused by reduced production of the enzyme lactase. A variety of digestive system problems, such as celiac disease and Crohn’s disease) can also lower the production of lactase. If an individual produces low levels of the enzyme lactase, explain why they might be able to tolerate eating dairy products that contain lower levels of lactose (e.g., hard cheeses, feta cheese, and cottage cheese), but will not be able to tolerate foods with high levels of lactose (e.g., milk).arrow_forwardConsider the following Statements: (1) Citric acid cycle intermediates are often the products from amino acid carbon skeleton degradation. (2) The net effect of transamination is to collect the amino groups from a variety of amino acids into the amino acids glutamate and aspartate. (3) All of the reactions of the urea cycle occur within mitochondria. how many is truearrow_forwardOnly the one question displayed is neededarrow_forward
- In the complete b-oxidation of stearic acid (18:0), a)how many moles of acetyl CoA are produced? ________ b)how many times would the fatty acid pass through the fatty acid spiral for complete oxidation? ________ c)what is the total ATP produced in the citric acid cycle? ________ d)how many moles of NADH are produced? ________ e)how many moles of FADH2 are produced? ________ f)how many moles of ATP are produced after all NADH are reoxidized in the respiratory chain? ________ g)how many moles of ATP are produced after all FADH2 are…arrow_forwardFor each of the steps below, choose (A) if the step pertains to b-oxidation, (B) if the step pertains to fatty acid synthesis, or (C) if the step is common to both processes. ______ Acetyl CoA is produced as a product.______ Activation (the committed step of the process) requires ATP hydrolysis. ______ Accumulated acetyl CoA serves as a substrate.______ The length of fatty acid carbon chain is modified in the mitochondria. ______ ACP acts as the acyl carrier.arrow_forwardIn the living cell, free energy made from one reaction can be used to drive another in an energetically unfavorable direction, provided the two reactions have a common intermediate (this is termed the principle of common intermediates). Example: In glycolysis, glucose is converted into pyruvate; in gluconeogenesis, pyruvate is converted into glucose. However, the actual ΔG for the formation of pyruvate from glucose is about -84 kJ/mol under typical cellular conditions. Most of the decrease in free energy in glycolysis takes place in three essentially irreversible steps catalyzed by, hexokinase, pyruvate kinase and phosphofructokinase. Use one of the 3 opposing reactions (in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis) to demonstrate the PRINCIPLE OF COMMON INTERMEDIATESarrow_forward
- The TCA cycle entails eight enzymatically catalyzed steps starting with the entry of acetyl-CoA into the cycle. (a) Name the enzymes catalyzing each of the steps in the order in which they operate. Indicate the production of reducing power (NADHFADH.), CO, and high energy phosphate at the steps which produce them (b) Which TCA cycle intermediates yield amino acids upon direct transamination, and name those amino acids. You need not draw any structures at all to answer this question.arrow_forwardHexokinase is found in almost all animal cells, except the liver and pancreas, while glucokinase is found only in the liver and pancreas. How do these enzymes differ in terms of activity and regulation?arrow_forwardIn gluconeogenesis, only the carbon skeletons of amino acids, not fatty acids, are utilised. So how does fatty acid oxidation in the liver produce brain fuel? Describe the substances and routes involved.arrow_forward
- BiochemistryBiochemistryISBN:9781319114671Author:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.Publisher:W. H. FreemanLehninger Principles of BiochemistryBiochemistryISBN:9781464126116Author:David L. Nelson, Michael M. CoxPublisher:W. H. FreemanFundamentals of Biochemistry: Life at the Molecul...BiochemistryISBN:9781118918401Author:Donald Voet, Judith G. Voet, Charlotte W. PrattPublisher:WILEY
- BiochemistryBiochemistryISBN:9781305961135Author:Mary K. Campbell, Shawn O. Farrell, Owen M. McDougalPublisher:Cengage LearningBiochemistryBiochemistryISBN:9781305577206Author:Reginald H. Garrett, Charles M. GrishamPublisher:Cengage LearningFundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological ...BiochemistryISBN:9780134015187Author:John E. McMurry, David S. Ballantine, Carl A. Hoeger, Virginia E. PetersonPublisher:PEARSON