Fundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry (8th Edition)
8th Edition
ISBN: 9780134015187
Author: John E. McMurry, David S. Ballantine, Carl A. Hoeger, Virginia E. Peterson
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 19.1, Problem 19.2P
The enzyme LDH converts lactate to pyruvate. In mammals, this enzyme accepts only L-lactate as substrate, but the correct substrate in invertebrates such as oysters is D-lactate. Explain why LDH has two different forms, each accepting one of the enantiomers of the substrate, lactate, but not the other.
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The enzyme-bound intermediate in this reaction has been identified as the mixed anhydride of the fatty acid and adenosine
2ºmonophosphate (AMP), acyl-AMP.
R-C-O-P-O-CH2
0-
Adenine
0.
H
H
H
H
OH
OH
Complete the two equations corresponding to the two steps of the reaction catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase.
Step 1: R-COO¯+
→ acyl-AMP +
COA
ATP
Step 2: Acyl-AMP +
AMP
→ acyl-
ADP + P
H₂O
H+
ATP
COA
The acyl-CoA synthe
PP
n is readily reversib
i
PP;
ibrium constant near 1. How can this reaction be made
1
Fatty acids are converted to their coenzyme A esters in a reversible reaction catalyzed by acyl-CoA
synthetase:
R-COO +ATP +COA R-C-COA +AMP + PPi
a) The reaction involves two steps the first of which forms an enzyme-bound intermediate identified as the
mixed anhydride of the fatty acid and AMP:
R-C-O-P-O-nibose-adenine
Write two chemical equations coresponding to the two steps of the reaction catalyzed by the synthetase.
b) The acyl-CoA synthetase reaction as written above is readily reversible. How might the reaction be made
to favor formation of fatty acyl-CoA? Write within the box. Anything outside the box will not be graded.
From the
Hexokinase catalyzes the first step of glycolysis, in which glucose is phosphorylated to form glucose‑6‑phosphate. Give two reasons why a Mg2+ cation is required to facilitate this reaction.
Chapter 19 Solutions
Fundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry (8th Edition)
Ch. 19.1 - Prob. 19.1PCh. 19.1 - The enzyme LDH converts lactate to pyruvate. In...Ch. 19.2 - The cofactors NAD+, Cu2+, Zn2+, coenzyme A, FAD,...Ch. 19.3 - Describe the reactions that you would expect these...Ch. 19.3 - Prob. 19.5PCh. 19.3 - Prob. 19.6PCh. 19.3 - Prob. 19.7PCh. 19.3 - Prob. 19.8PCh. 19.4 - Prob. 19.9KCPCh. 19.5 - Prob. 19.10KCP
Ch. 19.5 - Prob. 19.11PCh. 19.5 - Prob. 19.12PCh. 19.6 - Prob. 19.13PCh. 19.6 - Prob. 19.14PCh. 19.7 - (a) L-Threonine is converted to L-isoleucine in a...Ch. 19.8 - AZT (zidovudine) inhibits the synthesis of the HIV...Ch. 19.8 - Prob. 19.3CIAPCh. 19.8 - Prob. 19.16PCh. 19.9 - Does the enzyme described in each of the following...Ch. 19.9 - Prob. 19.18PCh. 19.9 - Compare the structures of vitamin A and vitamin C....Ch. 19.9 - Prob. 19.20PCh. 19.9 - Prob. 19.21KCPCh. 19.9 - Prob. 19.22PCh. 19.9 - Prob. 19.4CIAPCh. 19.9 - Prob. 19.6CIAPCh. 19.9 - Prob. 19.7CIAPCh. 19.9 - Enzyme levels in blood are often elevated in...Ch. 19.9 - Prob. 19.9CIAPCh. 19.9 - Prob. 19.23PCh. 19 - Prob. 19.24UKCCh. 19 - Prob. 19.25UKCCh. 19 - Prob. 19.26UKCCh. 19 - Prob. 19.27UKCCh. 19 - Prob. 19.28APCh. 19 - Explain how the following mechanisms regulate...Ch. 19 - Prob. 19.30APCh. 19 - Prob. 19.31APCh. 19 - Prob. 19.32APCh. 19 - Prob. 19.33APCh. 19 - Prob. 19.34APCh. 19 - Prob. 19.35APCh. 19 - Prob. 19.36APCh. 19 - Prob. 19.37APCh. 19 - Name an enzyme that acts on each molecule. (a)...Ch. 19 - Name an enzyme that acts on each molecule. (a)...Ch. 19 - What features of enzymes make them so specific in...Ch. 19 - Describe in general terms how enzymes act as...Ch. 19 - Prob. 19.42APCh. 19 - Prob. 19.43APCh. 19 - Prob. 19.44APCh. 19 - Prob. 19.45APCh. 19 - Prob. 19.46APCh. 19 - Prob. 19.47APCh. 19 - What is the difference between the lock-and-key...Ch. 19 - Why is the induced-fit model a more likely model...Ch. 19 - Prob. 19.50APCh. 19 - Prob. 19.51APCh. 19 - How do you explain the observation that pepsin, a...Ch. 19 - Prob. 19.53APCh. 19 - Prob. 19.54APCh. 19 - Prob. 19.55APCh. 19 - Prob. 19.56APCh. 19 - Prob. 19.57APCh. 19 - The text discusses three forms of enzyme...Ch. 19 - Prob. 19.59APCh. 19 - Prob. 19.60APCh. 19 - Prob. 19.62APCh. 19 - Prob. 19.63APCh. 19 - The meat tenderizer used in cooking is primarily...Ch. 19 - Prob. 19.65APCh. 19 - Why do allosteric enzymes have two types of...Ch. 19 - Prob. 19.67APCh. 19 - Prob. 19.68APCh. 19 - Prob. 19.69APCh. 19 - Prob. 19.70APCh. 19 - Prob. 19.71APCh. 19 - Prob. 19.72APCh. 19 - Prob. 19.73APCh. 19 - Prob. 19.74APCh. 19 - Prob. 19.75APCh. 19 - Prob. 19.76APCh. 19 - Prob. 19.77APCh. 19 - Prob. 19.78APCh. 19 - Prob. 19.79APCh. 19 - Prob. 19.80CPCh. 19 - Prob. 19.81CPCh. 19 - Prob. 19.82CPCh. 19 - Prob. 19.83CPCh. 19 - Prob. 19.84CPCh. 19 - Prob. 19.85CPCh. 19 - Prob. 19.86CPCh. 19 - Prob. 19.87CPCh. 19 - Prob. 19.88GPCh. 19 - The ability to change a selected amino acid...Ch. 19 - Prob. 19.90GPCh. 19 - Prob. 19.91GP
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- Behenate (C22H44O2) can be obtained by chain elongation from palmitate. How many ATP equivalents are produced in the degradation of behenate to eleven acetyl-CoA?arrow_forwardwhich staments are falsearrow_forwardIn order to provide the acetyl-CoA molecules to produce 3 equivalents of palmitic acid, how many glucose molecules would be required?arrow_forward
- Hemp oil contains eicosenoic acid (20:149) as its primary monounsaturated fatty acid. Let's consider the conversion of a molecule of eicosenoic acid to ẞ-hydroxybutyrate. What are the ẞ-oxidation products and how many ATP are required during activation for one molecule of lignoceric acid? Given the following, how many molecules of 8-hydroxybutyrate can be produced? 2 CoA CoA NADH NAD+ H+ OH B-hydroxybutyrate Based on the total NADH and FADH2 available after converting lignoceric acid into 8-hydroxybutyrate, what is the typical yield of ATP that can be produced in the liver? Don't forget to include any ATP required for activation steps.arrow_forwardWhat is the physiological significance of the isozymic forms of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)? Explain briefly.arrow_forwardWhat product is formed when dihydroxyacetone phosphate is reacted with NADH in the presence of the enzyme glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase? Assume any stereogenic center has the R configuration. This reaction is one step in the synthesis of glycerol (propane-1,2,3-triol), a starting material needed for the biosynthesis of triacylglycerols. НО. dihydroxyacetone phosphatearrow_forward
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- Acetly CoA can quickly enter the citric acid cyle by joining with a C4 compound and forming citrate. Meanwhile, GTP (or ATP) is generated using inorganic phosphate while succinyl CoA is converted to succinate. What is the main reason both acetly CoA and succinyl CoA can perform such work? a. Acetyl CoA and succinyl CoA both contain coenzyme A, which is a high-energy compound. b. Acetyl CoA and succinyl CoA both form an unstable thioester bond with coenzyme A. c. Acetyl CoA and succinyl CoA both bind with inorganic phosphate which is used to generate ATP (or GTP). d. Acetyl CoA and succinyl CoA both transiently form a covalent bond with the enzymes that catalyze the next reaction, pyruvate dehydrogenase and succinyl-CoA synthetase, respectively. e. Acetyl CoA and succinyl CoA use the energy collected from the electron transport chain.arrow_forwardFor saturated fatty acids, these reactions can continue as you have drawn until all the carbons of the fatty acid have been oxidized to acetyl-CoA. What is problematic about an unsaturated fatty acid, such as C16:cis-9?arrow_forwardIn 1937, two German biochemists published a paper proposing these reactions as part of glucose oxidation: citrate → isocitrate → α-ketoglutarate →succinate → fumarate → malate → oxaloacetate. Adding succinate, fumarate, or malate to thin slices of tissue increased oxygen consumption, supporting the hypothesis that these molecules are intermediates in the process. However, they were puzzled by the observation that these intermediates were still present in the reaction mixture at the end of the experiment. They had thought that intermediates would be consumed as they were converted to the next molecule in the pathway. What explains the observation that these intermediates were still present? a) The pathway is a cycle, constantly regenerating intermediates as glucose is broken down. b) Succinate, fumarate, and malate are not reactants but catalysts, and catalysts are not consumed in the process. c) Succinate, fumarate, and malate increase metabolism and therefore oxygen consumption,…arrow_forward
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