Biology 2e
2nd Edition
ISBN: 9781947172517
Author: Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann Clark
Publisher: OpenStax
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Chapter 16, Problem 29CTQ
Some autoimmune diseases show a positive correlation with dramatically decreased expression of histone deacetylase 9 (HDAC9, an enzyme that removes acetyl groups from histones). Why would the decreased expression of HDAC9 cause immune cells to produce inflammatory genes at inappropriate times?
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Individuals with the hereditary disorder ataxia telangiectasia suffer from neurodegeneration, immunodeficiency, and an increased incidence of cancer. The genetic basis for ataxia telangiectasia is a loss-of-function mutation in the gene encoding ATM (ATM; ataxia telangiectasia mutated). Besides p53, what other substrate is phosphorylated by ATM? How does the phosphorylation of this substrate lead to inactivation of CDKs to enforce cell cycle arrest?
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In addition to phosphorylation, the C-terminal domain of p53 can also be acetylated and sumolated in response to DNA damage. Acetylation and sumolation both result in an increase in the transactivation ability of p53 and may account for this finding. In vivo, IR induces the acetylation of p53 at Lys320 by PCAF and Lys382 by CBP/p300. Acetylation at these sites is dependent on N-terminal phosphorylation at Ser15 and to a lesser extent on phosphorylation at Ser6, Ser9, and Thr18 (Saito et al., 2002; Wahl and Carr, 2001). All of these phosphorylation events are ATM-dependent, although only Ser15 has been shown to be phosphorylated directly by ATM. Sumolation occurs at Lys386 after DNA damage (Muller et al., 2000). Sumolation refers to the covalent attachment of a small ubiquitin-like molecule (SUMO-1) to Lys residues, but in contrast to ubiquitination, does not result…
Chapter 16 Solutions
Biology 2e
Ch. 16 - Figure 16.5 In E. coli, the tip operon is on by...Ch. 16 - Figure 16.7 In females, one of the two X...Ch. 16 - Figure 16.13 An increase in phosphorylation levels...Ch. 16 - Control of gene expression in eukaryotic cells...Ch. 16 - Post-translational control refers to: regulation...Ch. 16 - How does the regulation of gene expression support...Ch. 16 - If glucose is absent, but so is lactose, the lac...Ch. 16 - Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus. Therefore, the...Ch. 16 - The a/a operon is an inducible operon that...Ch. 16 - What are epigenetic modifications? the addition of...
Ch. 16 - Which of the following are true of epigenetic...Ch. 16 - The binding of _____ is required for transcription...Ch. 16 - What will result from the binding of a...Ch. 16 - A scientist compares the promoter regions of two...Ch. 16 - Which of the following are involved in post...Ch. 16 - Binding of an RNA binding protein will the...Ch. 16 - An unprocessed pre-mRNA has the following...Ch. 16 - IS. Alternative splicing has been estimated to...Ch. 16 - Post-translational modifications of proteins can...Ch. 16 - A scientist mutates elF-2 to eliminate its GTP...Ch. 16 - Cancer causing genes are called transformation...Ch. 16 - Targeted therapies are used in patients with a set...Ch. 16 - Name two differences between prokaryotic and...Ch. 16 - Describe how controlling gene expression will...Ch. 16 - Describe how transcription in prokaryotic cells...Ch. 16 - What is the difference between a repressible and...Ch. 16 - In cancer cells, alteration to epigenetic...Ch. 16 - A scientific study demonstrated that rat mothering...Ch. 16 - Some autoimmune diseases show a positive...Ch. 16 - A mutation within the promoter region can alter...Ch. 16 - What could happen if a cell had too much of an...Ch. 16 - A scientist identifies a potential transcription...Ch. 16 - Describe how RBPs can prevent miRNAs from...Ch. 16 - How can external stimuli alter...Ch. 16 - Protein modification can alter gene expression in...Ch. 16 - Alternative forms of a protein can be beneficial...Ch. 16 - Changes in epigenetic modifications alter the...Ch. 16 - A scientist discovers a virus encoding a Protein X...Ch. 16 - New drugs are being developed that decrease DNA...Ch. 16 - How can understanding the gene expression pattern...
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